Sms Banking

Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 SMS BASED SECURE MOBILE BANKING Manoj V, Bramhe Department of Information Technology, RTM Nagpur college St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engg. What's more, Technology, Nagpur, India [emailâ protected] com Abstract†M-banking has developed as one of the primary division of m-trade. Portable financial administrations comprises of data request, warnings and cautions, applications and installment move. Portable based application is utilized for interfacing client handset with bank server for all such services.Current M-banking applications utilized by banks are confronting security challenges for installment move banks are utilizing secure installment door and other safety efforts which builds cost and framework for bank yet significant everyday financial applications are requests, warnings and alarms. The issue with current financial applications is that they send information straightforwa rdly to client in plain content structure trading off with security. We present SMS based secure versatile financial which improves security with least cost.In this methodology bank shrouds client exchange information is secure SMS utilizing AES symmetric cryptographic calculation and send it client application upheld handset. Client application decodes information in secure way. Catchphrases: M-banking, MD5, AES, MPIN I. Presentation M-banking framework is one which gives all every day banking tasks to client with a single tick of his versatile handset with bolstered application. M-banking framework can possibly give access or conveyance of quite certain and exceptionally essential data to client as given in [2].Growth in the M-Banking is driven by different offices like accommodation of banking tasks, more prominent reach to shoppers and Integration of other m-business administrations with portable banking. In M-banking there is no spot limitation, it is profoundly infiltration co efficient as development of cell phones are more than PCs, it is completely customized and private expanding exchange genuineness and is 100% accessible all the time with clients. Notwithstanding, there are a few provokes that should be routed to totally use the advantages of the M-Banking like handset similarity, security, versatility, reliability.Due to increment being used of portable handsets for some m-trade applications, Chances of versatile hacking for money related advantages are intensely expanded. At present for the most part all banks in India and outside are sending text SMS straightforwardly to the client handset for fundamental bank administrations with no security which can be gotten to by any malevolent individual and can utilize this data for gaining admittance to client account. OTA (Over-the-air) portable information can be hacked in arrange way from bank to client versatile handset including MPIN, a secret phrase use for client recognizable proof in M-banking.Thu s there is a need of secure and practical arrangement which can be effortlessly given on a wide range of handsets. Our goal is to give savvy, secure, quick M-banking arrangement joining highlights of cryptography. In this paper we have introduced SMS based secure portable managing an account with least cost utilizing cryptography. II. M-BANKING CHANNELS M-banking can be executed utilizing different channels like SMS, USSD, GPRS, WAP; Phone based Application, SIM Application. These channels are utilized independently or consolidated for different financial tasks ISSN : 0975-4024 Dec 2011-Jan 2012 472Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 A. Short Message Service (SMS) SMS is the least complex type of portable banking. It is generally utilized for data based administrations. SMS has the most extreme reach among purchasers since all the cell phones bolster SMS. Short messages are put away and sent by SMS focuses. These messages hav e some security issues. B. Unstructured Supplementary Services Delivery (USSD) USSD is an innovation one of a kind to GSM. It is an ability incorporated with the GSM standard for help of transmitting data over the flagging channels of the GSM network.USSD gives meeting based correspondence. Turnaround reaction times for intuitive applications are shorter for USSD than SMS. In USSD, the collaboration is as a consistent meeting instead of SMS. USSD is accessible on all handsets. C. Remote Application Protocol (WAP)/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) GPRS is a parcel exchanged information administration accessible to GSM clients. GPRS empowers administrations, for example, WAP get to, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and Internet correspondence administrations, for example, email and World Wide Web access in cell phones. . WAP is remote application convention utilized over GPRS. It is like Internet banking.The consumer’s handset should be WAP empowered. WAP banking is availa ble to comparative dangers as Internet banking. D. Telephone based Application Phone based applications are created in different dialects like J2ME, . NET having points of interest that it can utilize GPRS, USSD or SMS, MMS to convey the customer information/guidance in a scrambled configuration and it is administrator free. These are secure application which dwells on upheld handset. E. SIM Application Tool Kit The SIM Application Toolkit takes into account the specialist co-op or bank to house the consumer’s portable financial menu inside the SIM card. STK is the most secure strategy for portable banking.It permits the bank to stack its own encryption keys onto the SIM card with the bank’s own created application. III. CURRENT M-BANKING Even however different channels are accessible for M-banking the majority of the banks utilizes SMS as essential and modest channel for fundamental financial activities. Right now all banks in India like ICICI, HSBC, SBI and so on are not utilizing any encryption procedures in SMS based M-banking framework. They are utilizing basic content based SMS for client questions in which they straightforwardly send account data to client just concealing a few digits of record number which can be handily hacked by any programmer or seen by anybody from message inbox.Even however a few banks do give some other channel like GPRS and WAP yet cost of usage is more and these offices are not accessible on a wide range of versatile handset along these lines there is a need of secure and savvy arrangement which can be effectively given on a wide range of handsets. A. Issues in M-banking 1) Lack of Standards: The absence of gauges offers ascend to parcel of neighborhood and divided adaptations of m-installments offered by various partners. Norms need to address security and protection worries of clients just as interoperability between different usage. ) Device imperatives: There are specialized issues identified with the cell pho nes . The cell phones experiences different obliges like less preparing force and memory, data transmission, short battery life , visit disengagements, little screens, poor goals and protection issues. 3) Security Issues: Securing m-Commerce is much more troublesome than wired exchange. Gadget requirements bring up the issues regarding whether there will be sufficient security for clients without bargaining the convenience and speed.Current constant M-banking use of different banks utilizes plain instant messages with no security calculation for sending information consequently any vindictive client can get to client significant information on portable and utilized it for pernicious reason in this manner direct sending of information isn't suggestible for M-banking. SMS are inclined to mocking and there are issues identified with SMS encryption. Anyway innovation producers are creating improved security for applications with verification and encryption advancements and numerous case s that the ISSN : 0975-4024Dec 2011-Jan 2012 473 Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 exchange utilizing cell phone is completely secure. There are numerous methods for secure M-banking activities yet significant research work has been done on Cryptography and steganography procedures. Cryptography is a procedure of changing over plaintext information into figure text utilizing cryptographic calculations. They guarantee fundamental security prerequisites like verification, privacy, honesty and non-renouncement. B. Nuts and bolts of Short Message ServiceShort Message Service (SMS) is the capacity to send and get instant messages to and from cell phones. SMS was propelled as a piece of GSM1 standard. Each short message is up to 160 characters long. The 160 characters can include words, numbers, or accentuation images. Short Message Service is a store and forward help; this implies messages are not sent legitimately to the benefi ciary yet by means of a system SMS Center. SMS contains two fundamental point-to-point benefits as Mobile-began short message (MO-SM) and Mobile-ended short message (MT-SM).Mobile-started short messages are moved from MOcapable handset to SMSC though Mobile-ended short messages are moved from SMSC to the handsets. The figure no. 1 shows a common association of system components in a GSM arrange supporting SMS. Fig. 1. Essential model of SMS based M-banking The advantages of SMS to supporters are accommodation, adaptability, and consistent coordination of informing administrations and information get to, conveyance of notices and alarms, ensured message convey, solid, minimal effort correspondence component, expanded endorser efficiency, conveyance of messages to ultiple endorsers one after another. The SMSC (Short Message Service Center) is the element which carries out the responsibility of store and forward of messages to and from the portable station. The SME (Short Message Entit y), which is regularly a cell phone or a GSM modem, can be situated in the fixed system or a versatile station, gets or sends SMS. The SMSC for the most part makes some configurable memories limit for to what extent it will store the message. SMS Gateway SMS Gateway is an interface between programming applications versatile networks.An SMS Gateway permits interfacing programming applications to send as well as get SMS messages over

Kingdoms of Life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Realms of Life - Assignment Example Life pattern of intestinal sickness parasite comprises of two hosts. During the time spent blood dinner, female Anopheles mosquito that is jungle fever tainted infuses sporozoites into its host (human) (stage 1). Immunized sporozoites at that point taint cells of the liver (stage 2) and form into schizonts (stage 3), which at last burst and release merozoites (stage 4). Merozoites are liable for diseases in red platelets. RhizopusThe life pattern of Rhizopus nigricans (dark bread form) is indistinguishable with a few individuals from phylum Zygomycota. Shape encounters both incessant times of sexual and abiogenetic proliferation. Gametangia consolidate (meld) in the principal proliferation stage (sexual). The outcomes from these combinations are Zygosporangium, which at that point frames a thick coat anticipating good conditions to continue further with advancement. Ideal conditions will give path for germination of zygosporangium into sporangium. At long last, abiogenetic proliferat ion follows. In agamic proliferation, sporangium produces spores, which are eventually scattered. FernFerns have sporangia that are answerable for creation of spores (stage 1). Through meiosis, spores, connoted considerably the chromosomes of parent plant, are delivered (stage 2). Created spores are then discharged to the air. On the off chance that they land on soil with appropriate developing conditions, they form into gametophytes (which are totally isolated greenery plants). FrogThe life cycle starts with mating process-regularly alluded to as amplexus (stage 1). The procedure can last various days.

Management of Working Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The executives of Working Capital - Essay Example A conversation identifying with working capital cycle, strategies for overseeing working capital, working capital administration in UK organizations and recommendations for development has been introduced underneath. The working capital of the business is characterized as the net of current resources over current liabilities. It is a significant liquidity proportion of the firm. The present resources incorporate money, receivables yet in addition inventories as it tends to be handily exchanged while the present liabilities incorporate transient advances and leasers (University of California, n.d.). A business with rare working capital faces trouble in meeting its transient commitments from the accessible money assets if there is an unexpected or persistent fall in deals. In this way, it is imperative to keep up an ideal measure of working capital in the business and it must be deliberately checked by the supervisors (Nix and McFetridge, n.d.). Working capital structures a significant piece of a firm’s tasks. Keeping up a perfect degree of stock guarantees that the firm doesn't need to confront the issue of material shortage in meeting its creation targets. Also the receivables figure to be determined sheet shows the readiness of the firm to broaden merchandise using a credit card. As credit deal is hazardous the administration must be cautious in the selection of account holders. Working capital comprises of current resources like money, stock and current obligation like leasers and transient credits. The example of all the above segments of working capital differs with the business cycle. When there is a fall in the market request there is an ascent in the supply of completed products. Later when this fall sought after appears as downturn the firm brings down the supply of inventories, defers the installment of advances and quickens the acknowledgment of receivables. This suggests with the compounding of the downturn there is a diminishing in the working capital. Along these lines the effective administration of working

Types of Entrepreneurs Free Essays

Sorts of Entrepreneurs 1. Great Entrepreneur. Needs to advance, become large and rake in boatloads of cash. We will compose a custom article test on Sorts of Entrepreneurs or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The great business visionary isn't keen on beginning a business to give herself work. On the off chance that you need to begin an organization, make it gainful and sell it, at that point you are an exemplary sequential business visionary. The SAC Entrepreneurship and Innovation Program needs to ensure that everybody comprehends Classical Entrepreneurship. Most junior college business visionary projects center around private company improvement. Numerous colleges show business enterprise, however from a hypothetical perspective. 2. Private venture Entrepreneur. Additionally know as a pay substitution business person. This would incorporate most family claimed organizations and establishments. In the event that you open up a little single eatery, or purchase a Pizza Hut establishment, you are a little specialist, however not an exemplary business visionary. On the off chance that you purchase an establishment you are executing somebody else’s plan. Numerous individuals start a private company to give themselves a vocation. In the event that you start a private company or purchase an establishment, you have to concentrate independent venture proprietorship and there are heaps of school classes on independent venture possession, the board, bookkeeping and promoting, however these classes won't instruct you to be an exemplary business visionary. You can likewise find support from the Small Business Administration (SBA) and the SBDC (Small Business Development Center). We have a SBDC here in Santa Ana. Staggered Marketing (MLM) is a sort of entrepreneur. On the off chance that you sell extra security or land you are an entrepreneur. For instance, numerous legal counselors, handymen and greens keepers start their own independent ventures. See the book, The E-Myth Revisited by Michael Gerber. 3. Way of life Entrepreneur. These are business visionaries that affection what they would and like to carry on with a specific way of life. They are typically not as propelled by cash as different business visionaries. They are happy to make forfeits so as to remain with something they love and to lead a specific way of life. For instance, no-nonsense surfers may begin a little surf shop realizing they will never get a lot of cash-flow monetarily yet in addition realize they will be outside in the riding scene they love. Ferriss in the 4 Hour Workweek is a Lifestyle Entrepreneur that is likewise a Classic Entrepreneur and an Income-Stream Entrepreneur and a Global Entrepreneur. One explanation I love to show school and not specialize in legal matters is that I like the way of life of a school teacher. . Social Entrepreneur. Social Entrepreneurs need to bring in cash, yet additionally need to spare the world. They are propelled by cash yet additionally need to accomplish something great or supportive. They frequently need to follow the triple main concern. The customary primary concern for a business is Profits. Social Entrepreneurs are inspired by the triple primary concern: Profits, People and Pla net. Social Entrepreneurs will in general be hopeful. Numerous youthful business visionaries are keen on Social Entrepreneurship. â€Å"Green† Businesses are frequently begun by Social Entrepreneurs. Social business visionaries are still revenue driven organizations, however they have a portion of the attributes of not-revenue driven partnerships. Here is the thing that Wikipedia needs to state about social business: Social Entrepreneurship is crafted by social business visionaries. A social business visionary perceives a social issue and uses innovative standards to arrange, make and deal with a dare to accomplish social change (a social endeavor). While a business person commonly gauges execution in benefit and return, a social business visionary spotlights on making social capital. In this way, the fundamental point of social business enterprise is to assist social and ecological objectives. Social business people are most regularly connected with the intentional and not-revenue driven segments [1], however this need not block making a benefit. Social business enterprise rehearsed with a world view or worldwide setting is called global social business. [2 5. Not-revenue driven Entrepreneur. These are business visionaries that are completely keen on accomplishing something accommodating and improving the world a spot. All things considered, somebody needed to begin the Red Cross or Big Brothers/Big Sisters. Non-Profits can be huge organizations and pay a great deal in pay rates; they just can't make a benefit. Diminish Drucker, a standout amongst other business minds ever, has composed that he imagines that Not-revenue driven organizations are the most fascinating of all types of business and he thinks they have the most effect. 6. Worldwide Entrepreneurs. A few people start organizations since they love to go and need to collaborate with individuals in different nations. In the mid 1990’s I began a little exchanging organization to work together Indonesia. For a brief timeframe I went to and fro and lived and worked in Southern California and Jakarta. Worldwide Entrepreneurs consolidate an adoration for enterprise and universal business. 7. Science/Technology Entrepreneurs. Much development comes out of new logical revelations and innovative disclosures †think the Internet or mapping human’s DNA. Think designers and Silicon Valley. At the point when you express the word business enterprise to individuals, many consider beginning an organization that utilizes some kind of innovation. 8. Copycat Entrepreneurs. Disregard all the discussion about advancement and innovativeness, you bring in cash by finding a decent business and making sense of how to make little yet huge changes or enhancements in that business with your new business. You can begin a Copycat business decently fast. Copycat Entrepreneurs center around operational greatness and execution insight. 9. Imaginative Entrepreneurs. A few business people are â€Å"right brained† business people †craftsmanship, music and structure business visionaries. Regularly they make and gain from a non-direct visual perspective. Their book is The Creative Entrepreneur by Linda Beam. 10. Intrapraneurs. On the off chance that you work for an organization, yet have a high level of self-sufficiency, you are an intrapraneur. Envision that you work for Motorola, an exceptionally huge partnership. In any case, you run a division and at regular intervals your division structures a venture and contends with different divisions for the funding to do that venture. You are acting like a business visionary despite the fact that you don't possess the business. The word intrapraneur is out of design in the scholarly world today. As an educator, I am an intrapraneur †I have a high level of self-sufficiency, however I don’t own the school. 11. Salary Stream Entrepreneur. An Income Stream Entrepreneur isn't hoping to work in the business made. An Income Stream Entrepreneur may have a vocation and is simply searching for additional cash. The Rich Dad Poor Dad books ramble about making pay streams. A simple model is somebody that makes a decent salary stream by selling uncommon comic books on EBay. Investment properties that have a positive income additionally make a salary stream. The most effective method to refer to Types of Entrepreneurs, Essay models

Phobia of Self-Promotion How It Could Be Hurting You

Phobia of Self-Promotion How It Could Be Hurting You Phobias Types Print Fear of Self-Promotion: How It Could Be Hurting You Learn How to Promote Yourself at Work and In Your Personal Life By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 08, 2019 eclipse_images/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment If youre afraid to highlight your own positive traits, you could be suffering from a fear of self-promotion.  Although the fear of self-promotion does not have an official phobia name, its a devastating yet common fear that can wreak havoc on your daily life. People who are afraid to self-promote could be passed over for job promotions, miss opportunities to connect with potential dates and avoid possibly fulfilling hobbies. So its worthwhile to ease this fear in yourself. Imposter Syndrome A fear of self-promotion  is related to imposter syndrome, an unofficial but heavily researched psychological issue.  Both men and women can suffer from imposter syndrome, although men may be less likely to own up to it.  If you suffer from this disorder, you hold a deep-seated belief that no matter how good your achievements, you will ultimately be discovered as a fraud.   There are a variety of ways in which this fear might present itself. You might intentionally or subconsciously downplay your achievements. You might look to others to validate your own sense of self-worth as an intelligent, competent human being. You may be reluctant to subject yourself to scrutiny. In fact, you may be hypersensitive to criticism, seeing it as proof of your incompetence. How a Fear of Self-Promotion Can Hurt You The effects of the fear of self-promotion depend largely on your individual circumstances.  Singers, actors, musicians, writers and other artists must constantly self-promote, convincing agents and audiences of their talent. But virtually any career can be derailed by the fear of self-promotion. Whether you are climbing a corporate ladder or contemplating going into business for yourself, marketing is a key component of success. People with the fear of self-promotion tend to self-select into low-level jobs that reward conformity and discourage ambition, even if they find the work boring or unfulfilling. Fear of self-promotion can also wreak havoc on your personal life. Confidence is an important quality in a potential mate, whether male or female. First dates require a delicate balance: presenting your best self while avoiding sounding like youre bragging. Even landing that first date can be challenging if youre afraid of letting others know whats unique or special about you. Fears of Failure and Success The fear of self-promotion is often intertwined with the twin fears of failure and success. To promote yourself is to take a risk, putting yourself out there for others to judge. That first step often leads to one of two outcomes: success or failure. The fears of failure and success sometimes exist in one person at the same time. When coupled with a fear of self-promotion, virtually every decision that you make must be carefully measured. Its easy to find yourself literally frozen, unable to make even the smallest decisions on your own. Treating the Fear of Self-Promotion The fear of self-promotion, like most fears, seems to respond well to cognitive-behavioral techniques. Exploratory or psychodynamic psychotherapy may also be helpful in understanding possible underlying conflicts leading to this issue. Affirmations are simple but powerful statements that can help change your thinking. Here are a few examples that might help you overcome a fear of self-promotion: I have something unique to offer.I am talented, intelligent and capable.I am no better or worse than the person I need to impress. We are both human beings. You can also write your own affirmations. If your fear hinges on a particular self-doubt or a particular situation, write an affirmation that addresses your situation. Read or recite your affirmations at least once a day, preferably more. Looking at yourself in the mirror can help the affirmation sink in. The goal is to replace your negative self-talk with positive messages and repeat those messages until you genuinely believe them. Sometimes the fear of self-promotion is deeply rooted in other fears or beliefs about yourself. If your fear is limiting your life, or you are unable to work through it on your own, consider seeking treatment. A therapist can help you sort out the issues involved in your fear and develop a treatment plan to overcome them. The fear of self-promotion can be challenging, but with hard work and a bit of help, there is no reason that you should continue to suffer.

Source Documents Essay - 275 Words

Source Documents (Essay Sample) Content: Source documentInsert nameInsert institutionIntroductionThe source document is a basis upon which business transactions are recorded upon the basis. They are always retained to be used as an as evidence when the company's financial statement is being reviewed by auditors, and they need adequate verification that transaction did occur. Source documents contain information like the following: A description of a business transaction, the date of the sale as well as a specific amount of money and an authorizing signature. All this is for the purpose of records and ensuring that there are transparency and accountability in any operation conducted by an organization.The article the Book of accounting and source document, there are various merits of source documents that are discussed. About this, the article explains that missing a source document in any transaction can lead to frauds and corruption that cannot be traced. However, the article elaborates on the merits of ke eping the source document ('Editionen / Source Document', 2000). For instance, the article states that source documents serve as evidence in case any auditing exercise is to be carried out by the external or internal auditor.The article also relates to proper documentation in that; it elaborates the merits that one will attain in keeping proper books of accounts. For instance, ledger account is will help an organization to summarize and put together different transactions that are related to the same item that is helpful in preparing financial statements. That is, while preparing a financial statement, one will require the total decrease or increase in an item account during a particular accounting period.Source documents, therefore, are tangible documents that an organization needs to put into consideration for it will help save time and cost (Warner, 2004). Moreover, source documents will enable an organization to keep records and gauge whether one is making profits or losses in a given transaction. Therefore, source documents will help a firm in ensuring that there are effectiveness and efficiency in all of its financial transactions.

An Education in Escape Madame Bovary and Reading - 759 Words

An Education in Escape: Madame Bovary and Reading A theme throughout Flauberts Madame Bovary is escape versus confinement. In the novel Emma Bovary attempts again and again to escape the ordinariness of her life by reading novels, having affairs, day dreaming, moving from town to town, and buying luxuries items. It is Emmas early education described for an entire chapter by Flaubert that awakens in Emma a struggle against what she perceives as confinement. Emmas education at the convent is perhaps the most significant development of the dichotomy in the novel between confinement and escape. The convent is Emmas earliest confinement, and it is the few solicitations from the outside world that intrigue Emma, the books smuggled†¦show more content†¦Emma Bovary found interest in the things around her which prevent her boredom in her early education it was the novels she read, They were filled with love affairs, lovers, mistresses, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely country houses. She also found interest in the sea but only because it was stormy. But all the things that Emma found interest in she soon became board of from Charles to Leon. This cycle of boredom and the progression of images of confinement, escape, and chaos, parallel both in the Chapter on Emmas education and the novel as a whole the entire mural of the novel as Emmas journey from boredom in reality to self-destruction in fantasy. Footnote1 Flaubert, Gustave. MADAME BOVARY. trans. Lowell Bair. New York: Bantam Books,Show MoreRelatedComparing and Contrasting Anna Karenina and Madam Bovary7118 Words   |  29 PagesKarenina and Madame Bovary are two novels written in two different languages, around the same time period (late 1800s). Though they belong to two separate countries and are separated in history by a margin of about twenty five years, their socio political setting, and situational complexities are quite similar. ‘Madam Bovary’ takes us on a journey through the life of the extremely complex character of Emma Bovary, who has adulterous affairs and lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalitiesRead MoreFahrenheit 451: The Future is Now Essay2640 Words   |  11 Pagesquestion, a mindless automaton piloted by the self-interested ideas of a totalitarian government. Over the course of the film, symbols and instances of censorship have made themselves more than clear. Many of the books shown burning—such as â€Å"Madame Bovary and Lolita†Ã¢â‚¬â€were, in their own histories, victims of censorship. The entire idea of book burning, in fact, is a form of censorship utilized by cultures throughout the course of history, notably the book burnings that took place in communist RussiaRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesIn some novels this five-stage structure is repeated in many of the individual chapters, while the novel as a whole builds on a series of increasing conflicts and crises. Such a structure is found both in such classics of fiction as Flaubert’s â€Å"Madame Bovary† and in the adventure thrillers of Alistar MacLean. EXPOSITION: The exposition is the beginning section in which the author provides the necessary background information, sets the scene, establishes the situation, and dates the action. It mayRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagescinematographic narrative, the time it takes to see it, etc. In still photography, by contrast, what is represented is a point in time that has been frozen; the viewer s intake is also supposed to be instantaneous; and, even when it is prolonged, it is not a reading of the signifiers in a single, controlled order of concatenations. It is within the framework of this opposition between the narrative and the image that one can perhaps explain the awkward, hybrid position of description. We all assume that description