buy custom The 35th President essay

buy custom The 35th President essay This is one of the most controversial cases in the history of modern American, the question is whether Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the shooting of Pres. John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963 or had he conspired with other, was he serving as Cuba's Fidel Castros agent himself American assassins target? Or in squeezing that trigger of his carbine he was undertaking some tremendous "dirty trick" for a CIA restless to do away with a president whose belief in the "company" had already evaporated in the Bay of Pigs fiasco wake? Or was he in lieu of a group of the Teamsters Union, Cuban exiles, the Mafia? Certainly, was Lee Harvey Oswald the one who killed JFK? Or was it a double impersonating Oswald? These questions have continued to nag a lot of people for more than a decade and a half following that horrifying day in Dallas, in spite of the 26 in number volumes of exhibits and hearings served by the congressional investigations, the Warren Commission, the release of the classified FBI do cuments. In the event of the assassination of John F. Kennedy our 35 President, the evidence suggests there wasnt involvement of another shooter besides Lee Harvey Oswald. This paper is committed to debunking the mass of disinformation and misinformation surrounding the JFK murder, in support that there was only one killer and that wasLee Harvey Oswald. Buy custom The 35th President essay

A List of English Singulars That Are French Plurals

A List of English Singulars That Are French Plurals Nouns are not always singular in both French and English. Here is a list of words that are singular or uncountable, or have unmarked plurals in English but are plural or countable in French. * These are usually but not always plural in French ** Data is the plural of datum but is commonly used as a singular noun in English *** The plurals of these nouns are unmarked in English **** These nouns are uncountable in English but countable in French In addition, adjectives that are used as nouns when referring to a group of people do not have an s in English, though they do in French: Advice  -   ConseilsAmmunition  -   MunitionsAsparagus - AspergesAttic  -   ComblesAudience  -   Spectateurs, auditeursBaggage, luggage  -   BagagesBroccoli  - BrocolisBusiness  -   AffairesTo cause damage  - Causer des dà ©gà ¢tsCereal  -   Cà ©rà ©alesChess  -   Ãƒâ€°checsClothing  - Và ªtementsContact information/name and address  - Coordonnà ©esDamage  - Dommage(s),* dà ©gà ¢tsDarkness  - Tà ©nà ¨bresData**  - Donnà ©esDebris  - Dà ©brisDeer  - Cerf(s), biche(s)***Deposit  - ArrhesTo do research  - Faire des recherchesEngagement  - Fianà §aillesEvidence - Preuve(s)****To feel remorse  - Éprouver des remordsFish  - Poisson(s)***Food  - Vivres, victuaillesForecast - Prà ©visionsFruit  - Fruit(s)****Funeral - Funà ©railles, obsà ¨quesFurniture  - MeublesGarbage, rubbish  - Dà ©chets, orduresGift (for Christmas or New Years)  - ÉtrennesGraffiti - GraffitisHair - Che veuxHavoc - RavagesHay  - Foins*Herringbone  - ChevronsHoliday(s) (British English) - VacancesHomework - DevoirsIncome  - Revenu(s), rente(s)*Information  - Informations, renseignementsKnowledge  - Connaissances* Lovemaking  - Ébats amoureux/sexuelsMath (American English)  - MathsMedicine  - Mà ©dicamentsOffal - AbatsPasta  - Pà ¢tesPeriod (to have ones period)  - Rà ¨gles (avoir ses rà ¨gles)Progress  - Progrà ¨s*Quicksand  -   Sables mouvantsRubble  - Dà ©combresScience  - Sciences*Sheep  - Mouton(s)***Shrimp - CrevettesSoftware  - Logiciel(s)****Spaghetti  - SpaghettisSpinach  -   Ã‚  Ãƒâ€°pinardsStatic  - ParasitesTheres a good chance that†¦Ã‚  -   Il y a de fortes chances que...Transportation  - TransportsVacation  - VacancesVicinity  - EnvironsVolcanic smoke and gas  - Fumerolles*Wedding  - Noces*The dead  - Les mortsThe living  - Les vivantsThe poor - Les pauvresThe rich  - Les richesThe sick -   Les maladesThe young  - Les jeunes Some Nouns Are Singular in French and Plural in English Nouns are not always singular in both French and English. Here is a list of words that are singular, uncountable, or invariable in French but are plural or countable in English. * These are usually but not always singular in French** Many French  compound nouns  are invariable, though their English equivalents are variable. News - Lactualità ©Oats - Avoine  (fem)Scales - Une  balanceDrums - La batterieBoxer shorts - Un boxer-shortSwimming trunks - Un caleà §on de bainTights - Collant(s)*Contents - Le  contenu, la  contenanceOveralls, dungarees - Une  cotteDentures - Un  dentierEpsom salts - Epsomite (fem)Stairs - Un  escalierFireworks - Un feu  dartificeFruit - Un fruit (piece of)Skyscraper - Un  gratte-ciel**Gums - La  genciveJeans - Un jeanSweat pants - Un joggingTo do the dishes - Laver la  vaisselle(Piece of) news - Une  nouvelle(Loaf of) bread - Un painPants, trousers - Un  pantalonPliers - Pince(s)*Wire cutters - Une  pince  coupanteWire strippers - Une  pince   dà ©nuderTweezers - Une  pince   à ©pilerIce tongs - Une  pince   glace  Nail clippers - Une  pince  Ã‚  onglesCoin purse, wallet - Un porte-monnaie**Pyjamas - Un  pyjamaShorts - un  shortUnderpants - Un slipSwimming trunks - Un slip de bainBellows - Un  souffletDishes, crockery (to do the dishes) - La  vaisselle  (faire  la  vaisselle) Some French Nouns Can Only Be Singular In both French and English, many nouns can be singular or plural:  un  homme  (one man),  deux  hommes  (two men),  la chaise  (the chair),  les  chaises  (the chairs). But there are quite a few French nouns that can only be singular, sometimes because the noun has a  different meaning in the plural. Here are some French nouns that can only be singular: Abstract Nouns Le bonheur - HappinessLa  chaleur - Heat, warmthLa charità © - Charity, kindnessLe  chaud - HeatLe courage - CourageLa  faim - HungerLe  froid - ColdLa  haine - HatredLa  malchance - Bad luck, misfortuneLa mà ©lancolie - Melancholy, gloomLa  peur - FearLa  soif  - ThirstLa tristesse - SadnessLa  vaillance - Courage, valor Arts and Crafts Le cinà ©ma - Cinema,  movie  industryLa couture - SewingLa  danse - DancingLe dessin - DrawingLa  peinture - PaintingLa sculpture - SculptingLe thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre - TheaterLe  tissage - WeavingLe tricot - Knitting Directions La  droite - RightLest  (m) - EastLa gauche - LeftLe  nord - NorthLouest  (m) - WestLe sud - South Materials and Matter Acier  (m) - SteelArgent  (m) - SilverLe bois - WoodLe coton - CottonLe cuir - LeatherLe cuivre - CopperLe fer - IronOr  (m) - GoldLe papier - PaperLe plastique - PlasticLe plà ¢tre - PlasterLa soie - SilkLe verre - Glass Sciences La biologie - BiologyLa botanique - BotanyLa chimie - ChemistryLa gà ©ologie - GeologyLa linguistique - LinguisticsLa philosophie - PhilosophyLa physique - PhysicsLa psychologie - PsychologyLa sociologie - Sociology Some French Nouns Can Only Be Plural In both French and English, many nouns can be singular or plural:  un homme  (one man),  deux hommes  (two men),  la chaise  (the chair),  les chaises  (the chairs). But there are quite a few French nouns that can only be plural, sometimes because the noun has a  different meaning in the singular. Here are some French nouns that can only be plural: Les abats  (m) - Offal, gibletsLes acariens  (m) - Dust mitesLes affres  (f) - Agony, throesLes agissements  (m) - Schemes, intriguesLes agrà ¨s  (m) - (Sports) apparatusLes alentours  (m) - Neighborhood, surroundingsLes annales  (f) - AnnalsLes appointements  (m) - SalaryLes archives  (f) - ArchivesLes armoiries  (f) - Coat of armsLes arrà ©rages  (m) - ArrearsLes arrhes  (f) - DepositLes auspices  (m) - Auspices, patronageLes beaux-arts  (m) - Fine artsLes beaux-enfants  (m) - Childrens spouses, in-laws / spouses children, stepchildrenLes beaux-parents  (m) - Spouses parents, in-laws / parents spouses, stepparentsLes bestiaux  (m) - Livestock, cattleLes bonnes grà ¢ces  (f) - Someones favor, good gracesLes brisants  (m) - (Ocean) breakersLes brisà ©es  (f) - Someones territory, footstepsLes catacombes  (f) - CatacombsLes cà ©rà ©ales  (f) - CerealLes cheveux  (m) - HairLes comestibles  (m) - Fine foodsLes communaux  (m) - Common landLes condolà ©ances  (f) - CondolencesLes confins  (m) - Borders, fringesLes coordonnà ©es  (f) - Coordinates Les dà ©boires  (m) - Disappointments, setbacks, trialsLes dà ©combres  (m) - Rubble, debrisLes dà ©pens  (m) - Costs, expenseLes dolà ©ances  (f) - Complaints, grievancesLes à ©bats  (m) - FrolickingLes entrailles  (f) - Entrails, gutsLes environs  (m) - Outskirts, surroundingsLes à ©pousailles  (f) - NuptialsLes à ©trennes  (f) - Fift (for  Christmas  or  New Years)Les faà §ons  (f) - Manners, behaviorLes floralies  (f) - Flower showLes fonts baptismaux  (f) - Baptismal fontLes fianà §ailles  (f) - EngagementLes frais  (m) - Expenses, chargesLes frusques (f informal) - Clothes, togs, ragsLes funerailles  (f) - FuneralLes gens  (m) - PeopleLes grands-parents  (m) - GrandparentsLes honoraires  (m) - FeesLes intempà ©ries  (f) - Bad weatherLes latrines  (f) - LatrineLes limbes  (m) - LimboLes lombes  (m) - LoinsLes mathà ©matiques  (f) - Math(s)Les mà ©moires  (m) - MemoirsLes menottes  (f) - HandcuffsLes mÅ“urs  (f) - Morals, customsLes munitions  (f) - AmmunitionLes obsà ¨ques  (f) - FuneralLes ordures  (f) - Trash, rubbishLes ouà ¯es  (f) - Gills Les pà ¢tes  (f) - Pasta, noodlesLes pierreries  (f) - Gems, precious stonesLes pourparlers  (m) - Negotiations, talksLes prà ©paratifs  (m) - PreparationsLes proches  (m) - Close relations, next of kinLes ravages  (m) - Havoc, ravagesLes reprà ©sailles  (f) - Retaliation, reprisalsLes royalties  (f) - RoyaltiesLes scellà ©s  (m) - Seals (e.g., on a door)Les semailles  (f) - Sowing, seedsLes sà ©vices  (m) - Physical cruelty, abuseLes tà ©nà ¨bres  (f) - Darkness, gloomLes thermes  (m) - Thermal bathsLes toilettes  (f) - Lavatory, restroomLes vacances  (f) - Vacation, (UK) holidayLes và ªpres  (f) - VespersLes victuailles  (f) - Food, victualsLes vivres  (m) - Food, supplies, provisions French Nouns With Different Meanings Depending on Number Some French nouns can only be singular, some can only be plural, and some have different meanings depending on whether they are singular or plural. Abattis  (m) - BrushwoodLes abattis  (m)  - Giblets, (informal) arms and legs, limbsAssise  (f)  - Wall support, foundationAssises  (f)  - Assembly, conferenceAutorità ©Ã‚  (f)  - AuthorityLes autorità ©s  (f)  - The authoritiesLe barbe  - BarbLa barbe  - BeardLes barbes  (f)  - Ragged edgeLe bois  - Wood (in general), woodwind instrumentLes bois  (m)  - Woodwind sectionLe ciseau  - ChiselLes ciseaux  (m)  - ScissorsLe comble  - Height, peak; last straw (figurative)Les combles  (m)  - AtticLe cuivre  - CopperLes cuivres  (m)  - Copper instruments, toolsLa douceur  - Softness, gentlenessLes douceurs  (f)  - Sweets, desserts; sweet talkEau  (f)  - Water (in general)Les eaux  (f)  - River/lake/sea water, wakeÉconomie  (f)  - EconomicsLes à ©conomies  (f)  - SavingsÉcriture  (f)  - Writing, (finance) entryLes à ©critures  (f)  - Accounts, booksLa faà §on  - Way, mann er, meansLes faà §ons  (f) - Manners, behaviorLe fer  - IronLes fers  (m)  - Chains, fettersLe guide  - Guide (book, tour)La guide  - Girl scout/guideLes guides  (f)  - ReinsHumanità ©Ã‚  (f)  - Humanity, mankind Les humanità ©s  (f)  - Humanities, classicsLe lendemain  - The next day, the period right afterLes lendemains  (m)  - Future, prospects, consequencesLa lunette  - TelescopeLes lunettes  (f)  - Glasses, spectaclesLa mà ©moire  - MemoryLe mà ©moire  - Memorandum, reportLes mà ©moires  (m)  - MemoirsLa menotte  - (babytalk) HandLes menottes  (f)  - HandcuffsOuà ¯e  (f)  - (sense of) HearingLes ouà ¯es  (f)  - GillsLe papier  - PaperLes papiers  (m)  - DocumentationLa pà ¢te  - Pastry, doughLes pà ¢tes  (f)  - Pasta, noodlesLe ravage  - (Literary)  pillagingLes ravages  (m)  - Havoc, ravagesLe status  - StatusLes status  (m)  - StatutesLa toilette  - Toilette, hygiene, act of getting readyLes toilettes  (f)  - Lavatory, restroomLa vacance  - VacancyLes vacances  (f)  - Vacation, holiday When talking about arts and crafts, a singular noun indicates the activity itself, while both the singular and plural refer to the product. Le cinà ©ma  - Cinema, movie industryLe(s) cinà ©ma(s)  - Cinema(s), movie theater(s)La couture  - SewingLa (les) couture(s)  - Seam(s)La danse  - DancingLa (les) danse(s)  - Dance(s)Le dessin  - The act of drawingLe(s) dessin(s)  - Drawing(s)La peinture  - The act of paintingLa (les) peinture(s)  - Painting(s)La sculpture  - The act of sculptingLa (les) sculpture(s)  - Sculpture(s)Le thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre  - Theater artsLe(s) thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre(s)  - Theaters(s)Le tricot  - The act of knittingLe(s) tricot(s)  - Sweater(s), jumper(s) Languages  are always singular (and always,  au fait, masculine). When the name of a language is capitalized, both the singular and plural indicate people of that nationality. Anglais  (m) - English languageUn Anglais, des Anglais  - An Englishman, English peopleArabe  (m)  - Arabic languageUn Arabe, des Arabes  - An Arab, ArabsLe franà §ais  - French languageUn Franà §ais, des Franà §ais  - A Frenchman, French people

Should the Drinking Age be 18 Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Should the Drinking Age be 18 Years - Essay Example The push would even be more for an adult, at 18, who would be allowed all other privileges of an adult apart from alcohol consumption. It would cause a feeling of being unjustly targeted resulting in resistance to the implied injustice in an attempt to regain control. (2012). Therefore, such persons would be driven more to drinking, referred to as reactance motivation by Hanson (2012). Since these persons are already adults, they should be allowed to drink to avoid such eventualities. Such a viewpoint is useful to examine due to the fact that as long as the crimes associated with alcohol are limited to the actual age of consumption; very little positive effects to society are instigated. On the flip side, if the bulk of the crime that is a function of alcohol consumption can be linked to those crimes committed under its influence (which has been proven to be the case), then such crimes should be treated distinctly separately from those associated with merely imbibing alcohol while un derage. Moreover, due to the fact that research indicates that reducing the drinking age would have minimal behavioral change, it is not really a contributing factor to modifying the behavior of the target demographic. Such a change would only be achieved through proper training, giving responsibilities and holding one accountable for whatever actions. Therefore, with all these benefits attached to the raised drinking age, it would be beneficial to reduce the drinking age to 18. Hanson, D. J. (2012).

Lifting the Corporate Veil Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lifting the Corporate Veil - Coursework Example In addition, the Salomon decision entrenched the notion of advantageous benefits which are granted to shareholders in the form of limited liability. The dicta of Salomon has been endlessly restated and quoted in many cases; it appears to exist as an â€Å"unyielding rock†4; especially since it has now been incorporated into the Companies Act 20006. The courts have endlessly been faced with circumstances under which certain exceptions to the Salomon rule have been necessary and thus permitted. However, the courts have taken care to retain the power to ignore the Salomon principle in order that its flexibility be preserved and in most cases this has led to the preservation of the corporate veil. The narrow approach which is contained in the Companies Act embodies the view that the company’s rights, property and liabilities belong to the company only. The wider view claims that the company’s members are prohibited from having any effect on or being counted in relati on to the legal obligations and obligations of the company.5 The existing statutory exceptions to the lifting of the veil are rather difficult to determine with a great amount of certainty;6 the concept that Salomon is a fundamental principle results in it being set aside with difficulty and even some reluctance on the part of the courts.7 As Lord Diplock claims, the statutory basis of the corporate veil is preserved, so that â€Å"any Parliamentary intention to pierce the corporate veil would be expressed in clear and unequivocal language†, however the lack of such clear language could still have the potential to allow the courts to pierce the veil in specific circumstances by way of a â€Å"purposive construction’ of Parliament’s intention†.8 However, the case of Tunstall iterates that it is important to remember that the â€Å"purposive instruction† must be evident, because it is not readily implied (542). 9 Other additional statutory provisions also provide the opportunity to lift the veil under specific circumstances, such as the taxation of group companies. It is often argued that such provisions do not lift the veil exactly; they instead impose supplementary obligations on subsidiaries and are termed ‘piercing’ the veil rather than ‘lifting’ the veil. Alleged fraud additionally grants the justification to lift the veil – this is indeed understandable. The Insolvency Act 1986 operates to allocate personal liability to directors or shareholders if it appears that the company has been formed for fraudulent activities,10 if evidence of director misconduct is evident, or if the company directors have been negligent by not winding up the company if it has little or no prospect of carrying on. Such provisions contain the potential to be defined and applied broadly, yet the danger of this is arguably small under the circumstances. The existence of such statutory provisions emphasize the major t emptation and potential of company members abusing of the corporate veil, and the courts have appropriately recognised and established the need to eliminate as far as necessary this possibility, and thus temptation. In the decision of Merchandise Transport,11 the court declined to retain the corporate personality of the company separate from its members where it had been discovered that the subsidiary company had been formed as a mechanism to avoid specific formalities when acquiring a favourable licence. Additionally, a facade has been revealed where a company had

Contemporary Theories of Crime

Contemporary Theories of Crime According to the history and development of the criminological theory, the knowledge of crime theory has a tendency to include the past criminological theory that has been developed before. For example the labeling theory has a great influence from Chicago school, Durkheim theory and concepts, and symbolic interactionism (Plummer) Theory has the particularity of being the subject of constant renewal, like most of the knowledge in our society. One way of expressing this characteristic is by Thomas Kuhn in his book: structure of scientific revolutions. What he express in his theory is how the knowledge considered as â€Å"normal science†, is in a continuum spiral, according to how theory explains reality inside the framework of paradigms. Once these paradigms reach a point in which they cannot explain reality, normal science reach the point of a crisis. To explain this crisis the paradigms of the normal science must change, summarizing what is usable by the anterior normal scien ce and adding the new knowledge in form of paradigms that explains reality (Kuhn). This is exactly what happens with criminological theory, but still, besides all the progress theory has done, crime is still something hard to attach to a whole theory, and the combination of theory perspectives seems to be the most viable way to express the phenomenon of crime. On the contemporary criminological theory, one the perspectives that has a good approach to the actual context of crime is labeling theory. The labeling theory refers to the attachment of labels to a specific person in society according to the role he has on it. For example someone who commits a crime is recognized by the group of people around him as a criminal. But is not only the person who commits a crime, someone who is accused of committing a crime, doesn’t necessarily have committed that crime, but still he gets the label. Labeling theory refers to the identity that other people confer to one person. This identity is expressed as a label. The labels are stigmas inside society[1] that people must carry. This leads to the other part of the theory. Labeling theory, besides confer a stigma to the members of a society, also tries to explain another aspect of criminological behavior by opening the possibility of change in criminal behavior[2]. The stigma is hard to remove, but this theory proposes a way of reintegrating the members considered abnormal[3]: shaming is the process in which the person submit himself to a treatment or circumstance in which he resigns socially to crime, allowing him to reintegrate to society as a normal subject. The support of this theory is that bring an enormous quantity of material observation in other aspects of society, providing and using the concepts that society uses to determine the subjects inside it. For example the use of labels that are not only related to crime. Another contemporary theory with a wide perspective and more accurately related to actual crime is the environmental theory. This theory has a very situational approach to crime, because it is based on the characteristics that a special place must have for crime to be something executed. Crime occurs within the intersection of a space, time, a motivated offender, an attractive target, and lack of guardianship (Francis T. Cullen). The approach of this situational context has also the inclusion into theory of the daily activities of society, demarking the situation and the possibility of decrease crime by nullifying the situations in which crime can be committed, according to the routine people has. This theory has an opening to set crime as something different from the theories used before the 60’s. The possibility of seeing crime as something that may happen in every context, changes the relations of a stigmatized person to a situational expression of crime. Crime becomes the main subject of study, not the context[4] or the person who commit crime. When in this theory it is said that the focus is on crime, still a lot of concepts and ideas are part of the theory. For instance, the influences of Chicago school of mapping and characterizing crime zones. One contemporary expression of the applications of this theory is the broken windows theory[5]. The third analyzed theory in this text is the Developmental theory. This theory proposes the approach on how crime is explained by the whole history of one subject, group, and society. Crime is attached to every life expression that has happened since birth. Having a research of the main aspects of one person’s life, the individual expression and social values get mixed as the theoretical approach explains crime. This mixture of social and individual behavior is what allows this theory to be one of the most wider and contemporary (Paris). This theory is most applied to young people[6] and it takes into account the perception of the people who commits crime and the people who are victims of a crime. As other contemporary theories, there is possibility of change in the criminological behavior, allowing the criminal to be a normal individual. Some authors explain three ways in which this theory is applied to specific situations. The first one is the continuity of behavior in life course. The second one is that life course behavior might change or continue during time and on its characteristics. And the third one is that the life course behavior continues and changes. This theory is a multiple perspective to analyze crime, by studying the things to take into account to set an idea of how crime develops inside society by the life course of individuals, making a reciprocal analysis of the individuality and collectivity. All together These three theories provide a wide range of analysis, if the three of them are put together there are a lot of factor that would be covered by these theories. Still is not like just mixing the three theories. Each theory has a valid point and perspective to take into account. For example, the developmental theory takes into account the life course, which is an abstraction of the material and real life of the people. It is really a manifestation of the influence of all the material aspects under the mirror of time. This approach is quite accurate to study specific phenomenon because the analysis is deeper in context and it show the influences of society altogether with the individual tendencies. The approach of this theory at certain ages is what restrains this theory to be used. Because of its focuses on age, their analysis perspective loses weight when it is tried to be used in studying different groups, and in the theory itself. This loss of weight is because one of the main cores of this theory is the social development related to biological development. One of the tendencies of these three theories is to provide an option to explain how crime can be changed. Proposing a solution, like the shaming theory[7], or proposing new safety procedures to secure the environment. All these three theories keep the opportunity of becoming a normal[8] citizen or member of a society. Still, besides of the solutions proposed, the praxis of a theory can be very different from what the expectations are. One of the characteristics of these theories, is that are short in context matters. This means that theoretical explanations are only based as maximum to a nation level[9], provoking that many of the structural and contextual representations in politics, economics, culture, education, etc., in the world, cannot be part of the theoretical analysis. But still these representations have their manifestations even in small communities. This is impossible to not take into account macro-tendencies, but it is possible just to focus in micro-tendencies, even if this does not explain a complete context. Labeling theory, as the developmental theory, is not a completely sentence of explanation, but the analysis perspective that is valuable of this perspective is precisely the idea of a label. With the consent or without it, people always make judgments and make labels to identify other people, and to be identified among society as an individual. What criminological theory does is to focus on the labels related to crime. This is a much attached way in which theory explains reality with constructions of reality from society. One of the characteristics of this theory is also that label is just a value granted for the people participant in society, and because of that, according to the social capital[10] and possibilities of change that people have, they might change their label at will. Another fact of this theory, but no so attached to social reality is one of the manifestations of this theory, because of the idea of shaming, not because is not possible, but because is sometimes a motor to commit more crimes in certain contexts. The environmental theory has the possibility of treating crime as a situation with a specific context and circumstances that must be accomplish for the crime to be committed. The focus on the crime as a main subject allows this theory to be the bond for the combination of the other three theories, increasing the possibility of explanation and praxis that these theory have in total. These theoretical perspectives allow taking into account the elements of developmental theory, and use them together in the same explanations or theory. Of course in this conjunction of works, the aspects that restrain developmental theory must not be taken into account. The same goes for the labeling theory. Environmental theory has the possibility of being the connection between the individual perspective of crime in labeling and developmental theory, but at the same time it takes into account the idea of generality prescribed in both. Together with the perspective that environmental theory uses of situational context, crime becomes a definition with a lot of defined perspectives. Using the idea of label and the identity factor to set inside society, and as a representation to the outside society, the idea of crime explains one side of the individual behavior, by the representation that people has during a certain act. The environmental theory explains the event expressed as crime according to the material context in which people lives, but also making reference to another expression of behavioral crime conduct. Using some perspectives of the developmental theory, the factor explained before is part of a whole construction of life, providing a deeply analysis of a crime event, circumstance, conduct, behavior, context, social representation, and manifestation. Contexts and explanations The idea of the scientific revolutions explained at the beginning of the text, is to express one of the situation in which crime theory can be expressed more attached to explain reality. In case of the criminological theories, the perspectives are as many as a bunch. In the whole package of theories, the time has played a main role to develop each theory as the knowledge in crime situations and circumstances becomes wider. But there is a moment, and had happened before, that theory needs a new view and perspective. The citations and influences of the theories in the XIX are immersed in the theories of the XX, and now the contemporary theories are making improvements to explain by new paradigms the new circumstances that involve crime in our society. This, according to Kuhn’s idea, is the traditional process of making the scientific revolution. That is why is importance to pose a new circumstance that provokes a crisis in the criminological theory. Using these three theories may provide a great angle of perspective to analyze a concrete situation. But still the theories are short when it comes to practice. For example: the Mexican context. At first sight is a country like any other, but their main economic and political relations are with United States. The country has a first sight corruption; the police[11] are one of the main actors in these situations and are colluding with the narco[12]. The country is subject of constant violence, but the government is unable to solve the situation, because of the illegal trades and agreements that had surpassed the government power politically and economically. This is at macro-scale, but a micro-scale is almost the same, with the addition that is the poor people who gets involved in this violent context to have something to eat every day. So, how can these three theories make an approach to the context of Mexico? Evidently the crime is on one of the highest rates of Mexican history nowadays. But what is the work of the criminological theory when the established law steps aside and leaves the path to the everyday survival law? Criminological theory must be applied to the context in which it must[13]  be an explanation that requires a reaction from people. Criminological theory as it is right now, does not have the possibility of explaining the events that are happening in the world like Islamic State, Mexico’s violence, Ukraine war, and more. Criminological theory is being insufficient for the fast and changing environment in the world. The implications are every time wide in economy, politics, culture, etc. Using the actual theories to explain crime[14] may explain some aspects of reality, but recovering just the important aspects of each theory does not lead to a complete explanation and possibility of chang e of the real context. Being transdisciplinary is one of the new paradigms that criminological theory can use. Not closing the explanations of the criminal world to just the criminal theory. The possible revolution that criminology as a theoretical science can have is to be at the time of the context. References: Francis T. Cullen, Robert Agnew, Pamela Wilcox. Criminological theory: past to present. New York: Oxford university press, 2007. Kuhn, Thomas. Estructura de las recoluciones cientificas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2006. Paris, Jessica. Environmental criminolgy and crime prevention. n.d. http://legacy.usfsm.edu/academics/cas/capstone/2010-2011/criminology/paris-environmental criminology intel led policing.pdf?from=404. 29 09 2014. Plummer, Ken. Labeling theory. University of Essex, United Kingdom, 29 09 2014. http://www.sjsu.edu/people/james.lee/courses/soci152/s1/ajreading10labeling.pdf . 27 09 2014. [1] According to the criminological theory, this is focused on crime. [2] This is an implication that this theory has when is applied to explain crime. The results vary, because of personal behavior, situations, and social strains. Even, instead of reducing crime, these implications can even increase it. [3] Those who are consider criminals. [4] This does not mean that context is not taken into account. [5] The maintaining and safety control of urban environments may be a big influence to stop crimes. [6] There is a graphic that represents the main ages in which crime occur that set the age of 10 as the beginning and 20 when the young people stop committing crime. [7] Emphasize on social punishment to provoke shame. It focuses on the behavior on the offender. [8] According to the establishments of what normal is, and also if crime is considered as something abnormal. [9] Contextually, this is a big spectrum, but the political tendencies, economics, society and culture, in which crime is a subject of constant representation, are bigger than the idea of a nation. [10] Explained deeply in â€Å"Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam† By Martti Siisiasen, Department of Philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin Ireland. From: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.istr.org/resource/resmgr/working_papers_dublin/siisiainen.pdf [11] The public force that most stop the crime and apprehend the offenders. [12] Production and commerce of drugs, and traffic of people. [13] The using of this word emphasizes a moral reaction against crime. This must be included as a factor that may change according to the context. [14] Under the look of a moral conception of good and evil.

Blue Nile and Diamond Retailing Essay

1.What are some key success factors in diamond retailing? How do Blue Nile, Zales, and Tiffany compare on those dimensions? Key drivers of customer purchases in diamond retailing include quality and range of products offered, reputation, professional advice offered, and customer perception and emotional bonds, including a positive buying experience and customer service. Success is also dependent upon obtaining economies of scale through such avenues as preferential access to resources, an effective supply chain and marketing strategy, as well as an ability to control facilities and operating costs and manage inventory effectively. Blue Nile’s, Zales’, and Tiffany’s key success factors in dealing with customers are related to the characteristics of their individual target markets. Blue Nile, for example, offers high quality diamonds and fine jewelry online that are comparable to Tiffany’s but with markups that are lower than Tiffany’s and Zales’. Blue Nile, which was founded in 1999, focuses on customers who want good value and who prefer to shop conveniently from home and without incurring high pressure sales tactics. They also provide customers with easy-to-understand jewelry education, as well as the ability to design custom jewelry. However, its customers must forego a hands-on purchasing experience as well as the instant delivery offered by Tiffany’s and Zales’ retail locations. Tiffany, which opened in 1834, is an independent, specialty jeweler that offers premium-priced diamond rings, gemstone and fine jewelry, watches, and crystal and sterling silver serving pieces. Tiffany’s exclusivity and prestigious brand image, extensive service, and fashionable locations allow it to maintain and gain luxury market share domestically and globally. In contrast, Zales, a specialty retailer of diamond fashion jewelry and diamond rings in the U.S. since 1924, has high name-brand recognition and appeal to value-conscious shoppers. Zales’ chain of retail venues for its middle-class target customers includes Zales Jewelers, Gordon’s, and Piercing Pagoda’s mall-based kiosks that appeal to teenagers. Zales offers more moderately priced and promotion-driven products compared to Blue Nile and Tiffany. It also competes with discounters such as Costco. Economies of scale and sourcing are achieved differently by each company. Blue Nile has the most cost-effective business model because of exclusive supplier relationships that allow the online retailer to offer a manufacturer’s diamond inventory without purchasing it until needed. In addition to low warehouse and inventory costs, Blue Nile avoids the facilities investment expense and operating costs of the bricks-and-mortar retailers. U.S. retailer Zales is able to obtain economies of scale because of its large number of stores, but high inventory costs due to extreme changes in product offerings and marketing strategy in 2006-2007 confused its traditional customers and severely hurt its bottom line. Tiffany sustains high profit margins through its globally dispersed locations and online presence, established third- party sourcing as well as in-house manufacturing which provided 60 percent of its products, and by utilizing centralized inventory management to maintain tight con trol over its supply chain and reduce operational risk. 2.What do you think of the fact that Blue Nile carries over 30,000 stones priced at $2,500 or higher while almost 60 percent of the products sold from the Tiffany Website are priced at around $200? Which of the two product categories is better suited to the strengths of the online channel? Blue Nile is able to successfully offer diamonds priced up to $1 million or more online by emphasizing the large variety of certified high-quality stones available and a markup that is significantly lower than that of its store-front competitors. The main source of Blue Nile’s competitive advantage over traditional, store-based retail jewelers is that it has lower facilities cost and inventory expense. Only one central warehouse is needed to stock its entire inventory although outbound transportation costs are high because it provides customers free overnight shipping. Additionally, through exclusive supply relationships, the firm is allowed to display for sale the inventory of some of the world’s largest diamond manufacturers/wholesalers. Selling high-priced diamonds online works for Blue Nile because its competitive strategy is based on the priorities of its target market customers. These online customers want high-quality diamonds, but place strong emphasis on receiv ing good value for the cost and on product variety, are willing to wait for their jewelry, and often prefer to customize their purchases. In comparison, Tiffany successfully uses a combination of over 180 exclusive worldwide retail stores and an online channel to benefit from the strengths of both channels. Approximately 48 percent of the company’s net sales come from products containing diamonds, with more than half of retail sales coming from high-end jewelry with an average sale price of over $3,000. Its online offerings, however, focus on non-gemstone, sterling silver jewelry with an average price of $200. The company offers a wide variety of these low demand items with high demand uncertainty, and they account for more than half of its online sales. Online sales are facilitated by Tiffany’s already-in-place centralized inventory management system, in-house manufacturing, and strong supply chain and information infrastructure. These lower-priced products increase the firm’s potential customer base and improve margins by reducing operating costs. Tiffany’s sales of sterling silver jewelry priced around $200 are more suited for the strengths of the online channel than are Blue Nile’s thousands of stones priced at $2,500 and above. With the growing popularity of e-business, competition with Blue Nile’s sole business model is increasing. In addition, with its well-to-do but price-conscious customer base, the company is more affected by the effects on difficult economic times on purchasing behavior than is Tiffany with its less price-sensitive global customers who demand luxury goods at any price. Blue Nile is also more susceptible to the rising costs of diamonds and of labor because it does not purchase the majority of its diamonds until a customer decides on a purchase. 3.Given that Tiffany stores have thrived with their focus on selling high-end jewelry, what do you think of the failure of Zales with its upscale strategy in 2006? Tiffany’s upscale strategy, affluent customer base, and business model evolved over a period of more than 100 years, and changes such as adding an online distribution channel were made gradually and as an extension of Tiffany’s current business practices. Zales, on the other hand, handled a strategic shift to upscale retailing within a time period of one year and failed drastically as shown by the following chain of events. Feeling the pressure from discounters Wal-Mart and Costco, Zales decided to give up its long-time strategy of selling promotion-driven diamond fashion jewelry and diamond rings in order to pursue high-end customers. In this 2005 ambitious move to become more upscale, Zales invested heavily in higher-priced diamond and gold jewelry with higher margins and dumped its inventory of lower-value pieces. Led by an ambitious CEO, this new strategy initially sounded as if it would work. However, trying abruptly to undo an 81-year-old strategy and brand reputation for selling moderately-priced items was doomed to fail. The company lost many of its traditional customers who were put off by the suddenly higher prices, and it did not win the new ones it had targeted. As a result, Zales abandoned its new strategy in 2006, hired a new CEO, and began transitioning a return to its traditional strategy of attracting the value-oriented customer. This change involved selling off nearly $50 million in discontinued upscale inventory and spending nearly $120 million on new moderately-priced inventory. The actions severely affected Zales’ bottom line for at least the next two years, not to mention alienating its middle-class customer base. The situation was further compounded by rising fuel prices and falling home prices in 2007 which caused a decrease in consumer discretionary spending. 4.What do you think of Tiffany’s decision to open smaller retail outlets, focusing on high-end products, to reach smaller affluent areas in the United States? Opening small, fashionable retail outlets in smaller affluent cities is a good move for Tiffany. Doing so provides the company a quicker, more cost-effective way to expand its store base and its target-market reach in the United States. A smaller store format offers lower operating costs and a shorter payback period on capital investment, both of which help increase margins and returns. With it strong brand equity attracting well-to-do customers and with efficiencies in terms of a high ¬Ã‚ ¬-margin product mix, lower inventories are required, faster turnover results, sales per square foot are higher, and overall store productivity is increased. 5.Which of the three companies do you think was best structured to deal with the downturn in 2009? Zales was most affected by the 2009 economic downturn in the U.S. which severely damaged the country’s retail jewelry industry. The Texas-based company, with retail stores located only in North America, was more vulnerable to adverse U.S. market conditions than the geographically-dispersed Tiffany and Blue Nile. The company was still trying to regain market share among its middle-class customers and handle merchandising issues in light of its failed strategy begun several years earlier to go upscale. Additionally, a new CEO in 2006 who began the company’s return to its traditional strategy based on diamond fashion jewelry and moderately-priced diamond rings, had not been able to restore the company to profitability. Blue Nile, with its already low operating costs and small inventory holdings, was in a better position than Zales to weather the economic downtown. Because Blue Nile does not purchase the majority of its diamonds until a customer places an order, its bottom line was not as severely impacted by customers who began purchasing less expensive jewelry and by those who stopped buying completely because of strong price-sensitivity. Before the downturn, the company had already increased its international Web site presence by launching sites in Canada and the United Kingdom and opened an office in Dublin. The Dublin office offered free shipping to several western European nations, while the U.S. office handled shipping to Asian-Pacific countries. In spite of the above, Blue Nile saw its first decline in sales in the third quarter of 2008. Tiffany, as a jeweler and specialty retailer, was the best structured of the three companies to deal with the 2009 U.S. economic downtown. There is not as strong a correlation between its sales and consumer confidence levels as there is with Blue Nile’s customers. With over 100 stores in international markets, Tiffany’s operations are much more globally diversified than Blue Nile’s. In addition to its extensive global and domestic retail outlets, Tiffany also has the benefit of its e-business distribution channel and of catalog sales. With its strong business model and high margins on a broad range of offerings, tightly controlled supply chain, and the exceptional power of its brand image, Tiffany fared better than Zales and Blue Nile during the economic downturn. 6.What advice would you give to each of the three companies regarding their strategy and structure? In light of the previous answers, I would recommend the following: 1) Zales needs to expand to markets in other than North America to lessen the severity of the effects of future economic downturns in the U.S. With its longstanding presence in the U.S. retail jewelry industry, it should also focus on reinforcing the value of its brand with consumers in its target market. Zales should increase its marketing efforts and continue to expand its e-commerce business. This will generate revenue and improve its margins by lowering operating costs. 2) Blue Nile should continue focusing on its low price for high-quality diamonds and on its unique online customer experience to further differentiate itself from Tiffany’s and other retail jewelry competitors. It definitely needs to expand its international presence by launching more country-specific Web sites, as well as continue enhancing its current Web site. Just as importantly, it needs to diversify its marketing efforts to online communities and to the public in general to increase its brand name recognition and appeal. 3) Tiffany should continue to increase its small-store formats in the U.S. and develop a stronger presence in its direct selling channel. It needs to grow its sizable international operations, particularly the fast-growing Asian luxury market, in addition to entering untapped emerging markets. With the increasing cost of diamonds and gold, it might assess the advisability of participating in sales promotions which it has never before done. Most importantly, Tiffany should continue increasing its supply chain efficiency and protecting its brand equity at call costs.

Analysis Of Beckett s Waiting For Godot - 1159 Words

As the play opens, the most prominent aspect you come to see is the lone Weeping Willow - a stark tree. Beckett himself confessed to his biographer James Knowlson that he had drawn the precise stagecraft of V and E before the stark tree from Caspar David Friedrich’s painting â€Å"Two Men Contemplating the Moon 1819-20’ (PP) - The very vision of Vladimir and Estragon anticipating only God-ot knows what†¦ As a postmodern play, Waiting for Godot utilizes unconventional style of pastiche and appropriation, borrowing meaning extensively from other literature which has sought to define the human condition. Considering the ethos of Beckett’s nihilistic play and it’s perception of God and the afterlife, the men’s relationship with the tree is steeped in death. As critic Mary Daly examined; the tree can be interpreted as Hanging God, the Dangling One, and Lord of the Gallows†, titles for Odin, worshipped by the death loving German mythos. A Christian reading of the men’s relationship with the Tree is that of the Tree of Life - as it randomly, without warning or rhythm, blooms in Act 1 and 2. This becomes even more absurd; the ‘bloom’ representing a resurgence of hope, fulfilled wishes, as Vladimir misquotes â€Å"Hope deferred maketh the something sick, who said that?† Yet, as we do not know why the tree blooms, his biblical allusion that Hope deferred makes the heart sick; but a desire fulfilled is a tree of life† becomes meaningless and misdirected. The Tree may also be theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot Essay1767 Words   |  8 Pagesattempts to weave stories of varying degrees of intricacies with the hope that feelings will be elicited from the audience. Samuel Beckett’s most famous work in the theatre world, however, is Waiting for Godot, the play in which, according to well-known Irish critic Vivian Mercier, â€Å"nothing happens, twice.† Beckett pioneered many different levels of groundbreaking and avant-garde theatre and had a large influence on the section of the modern idea of presentational theatre as opposed to the representationalRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Let s go. We can t. Why not? We re waiting for Godot.† (Beckett 332), one of the most famous lines from Beckett’s â €Å"Waiting for Godot†. Samuel Beckett is a renowned writer of his time. Although most people still question his work, he did much in the reinvention of various genres. As most people would say, Beckett lived a creative life. He was a humorist, poet, and novelist and later turned to theater director. Many authors have written works analyzing Beckett’s work. Our articles of focusRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot 1378 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing controlled or stopped. Freedom is the power to act, speak, and think without any hindrance. In Samuel Beckett’s, â€Å"Waiting for Godot,† freedom is one of the main issues throughout the story. Characters are unable to think for themselves, they are being controlled by other character, and they are unable to move about freely. Samuel Beckett’s concept of freedom in â€Å"Waiting for Godot† is being portrayed through the characters of Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo, and Lucky. Each ch aracter is imprisoned inRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot 1950 Words   |  8 Pagesplace in Samuel Beckett’s (1906–1989) Waiting for Godot (1948) and Salah Abdel Sabour’s (1931–1981) The Princess Waits (Al-Amira Tantazer) (1969). It is an attempt to compare the two plays with regard to the absurd features of time and place with reference to the aspects of the absurd theatre. The reasons for selecting these two plays in particular are: firstly, both plays share the process of waiting which is directly connected with the time and place of waiting; secondly, Abdel Sabour was influencedRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot1667 Words   |  7 PagesBeen Damned Absence of Reason in Religion in Waiting for Godot At first glance, Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, appears to be an unavailing, pointless play whose only purpose is for comic relief. It is filled with off-topic conversations and awkward silences that seem to show no correlation. However, when the confusing plot is analyzed, it is revealed that the play is an analogy of the futility of religion. The use of language in Waiting for Godot serves to illustrate the theme that religionRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot871 Words   |  4 PagesWaiting for Godot, a tragicomedy written in two acts, was written by Samuel Beckett in 1949. The plot of the play revolves around two main characters, Vladimir and Estragon, who wait in hope to meet someone or something named ‘Godot.’ While on the other hand, there is Pozzo and Lucky who appear venturing on the country road. Beckett uses the characters in Waiting for Godot to embody specific meanings to their relationships and how it may parallel to the wo rld as people know it. Vladimir and EstragonRead MoreSamuel Becket May Be A Far-Famed Author World Health Organization1750 Words   |  7 Pageskind, from wherever it starts, at an equivalent purpose it ends. there s no thought of faith no ethical values, no thought of your time and area in absurdity. Absurdity may be a word that may be explained by reasoning but the fault may be a acquainted world that within the universe that s suddenly bereft of illusion, finish of sunshine, man feels as unknown. he s in Associate in Nursing irradiate exile as a result of he s bereft of recollections of lost fatherland the maximum amount a he lacksRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot2241 Words   |  9 Pages1429631 17/02/2015 Literature Endgame, Samuel Beckett and Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett The vogue for Beckett started with the success of Waiting for Godot which was produced in Paris in 1953. It was his first play apart from one, Eleutheria, written in 1947 which was never published or performed. In 1946, Samuel Beckett wrote Mercier et Camier which according to Ronald Hayman in his critic essay entitled Contempory playrights Samuel Beckett show how the dialogue of the male couple anticipatesRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot, Endgame, And Not I2331 Words   |  10 Pagesin a chaotic and uncaring world, and to the playwright Samuel Beckett it is no different. In the works Waiting for Godot, Endgame, and Not I, Samuel Beckett uses elements of nihilism, pessimism, and absurdity to find humor in day-to-day existence, as well as the relationships between the self and others. Before one can analyze Beckett’s work, one must first understand the meanings of nihilism, pessimism, and absurdity in regard to Beckett himself. Nihilism is a term often attributed to inaction, immoralityRead MoreViolation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle7912 Words   |  32 PagesAims and Objectives of the Research Project 6) Data, Methodology and Techniques 7) Plan of Thesis I) Chapter – I (Introduction) II) Chapter – II (Theoretical Framework) III) Chapter – III (Analysis of the play Endgame) IV) Chapter – IV (Analysis of the play Waiting for Godot) V) Chapter – V (Analysis of the plays Happy Days ) VI) Chapter –VI (Conclusion and pedagogical implications) 8) Scope And Limitations of the Study 9) Significance of the Study 10) Conclusion CHAPTER - I