Strategic Planning free essay sample

The A-Team was contracted by Cango to provide recommendations for the management team to help improve their operations so the company can continue its success. During the initial analysis of CanGo’s operations it is evident the company is facing a series of deficiencies translating to the difficulties in maintaining a stable operating environment. CanGo’s small business mentality is getting the best you. There are several strategic recommendations we can provide CanGo that must be addressed immediately to assure its success. Most of CanGo’s success has simply happened by chance and no formal analysis has been conducted of the business which should be performed to point out certain aspects that may not be apparent to you. CanGo has no strategic plan to clearly identify what exactly your market will be, who your clientele base is and how to go about being a leader in their industry. A strategic plan is nothing more than a structured process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning (hbr, 2012) and it encourages CanGo to answer the fundamental questions: Where do we plan to be X years from now, how to get there, what the cost will be? In thinking of the future, CanGo is at a crossroads and needs to understand the importance of creating a strategic plan for the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Elizabeth should meet with the board of directors to discuss their thoughts as to the company’s objectives and strategy. As previously mentioned and a key component of formulating a strategic plan includes the need for both a Mission and a Vision statement. The mission statement should clearly define the company’s purpose and objective. It provides everyone the opportunity of knowing what the company is about and helps pull the company together towards a cohesive goal. Furthermore, the strategic planning process enhances the company’s understanding of who their clients are. Being that CanGo has an extensive customer list, CanGo can request your customers to participate in a brief questionnaire to collect such demographic information as age, race, gender, education, income and other pertinent information CanGo would like to know to gain a better understanding of their clients’ and their needs. Additionally, a SWOT analysis will help even further by providing its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in its industry. This will give CanGo a clearer insight of how to achieve becoming an industry leader by learning more about yourself. The objective is to determine a strategy for the future and to improve the company’s overall performance. Strategic Planning free essay sample This write-up attempts to review what authors have written specifically on strategic marketing process; particularly their approach and personal philosophy vis-agrave;-vis this concept. Within the various approaches, it looks at the respective purpose and structure. Then onwards provide an analytical perspective on the SWOT analysis which seemingly, marketing gurus and authors embrace in their strategic plan in todays market environment. Review: Strategic Marketing Plan Doyle explains strategic marketing plan is concerned with adapting the organisation to a changing environment more effectively than their competitors. Organisation succeeds when they meet the needs of customers more effectively than their competitors (Doyle 2002, p. 92). The markets drivers for change (Drummond, Ensor 2003), some of which are far beyond the organisations sphere of control. Adaptability becomes an inextricable phenomenon in mainstream marketing environment. The organisation has to monitor key macroenvironmental variables (demographic, economic, technological, political, and socio-cultural) and microenvironment variables (customers, competitors, distributors, suppliers) that affect its ability to retain customers (Kotler, P. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2003). In order for it to achieve and enjoy a comparative advantage, the organisation executes a careful strategic planning, and using marketing strategies to achieve this aim (Dibb et al 2001). Hence, the notion of strategic marketing plan. Doyle advanced that a well defined strategy would incorporate the following: Scope of business; Objectives; Strategic business unit (SBU) identification; Resource allocation; Deeping sustainable advantage; Effective functional strategies (positioning, product line, price, promotion and distribution; synergy. The elements of synergy and SBU identification underlined by Doyle prove relevant to large organisations with diverse business units, products and target segments. It would serve a right purpose for management to be clear and exact about their choice of product, what business are they in,nand what business do they want to be. He supports his approach with the following diagram. According to Doyle, strategic focus looks at product profitability either by increasing productivity or increasing volume by market expansion and penetration as an objective for an organisation to pursue; a marketing strategy that have seen most UK supermarkets and departmental stores adopting in South East London, for instant the ASDA supermarket. Dibb et al posits the strategic marketing process is based on the establishment of organisational goals and must stay within the bounds of organisational opportunities and resources. They highlight a complex set of externalities including; political, legal, regulatory, societal and green, economic and competitive, and technological forces that border around the all popular notion of PEST (political, economic, social technological) analysis. The relationship between market opportunities and organisations goals and the availability of resources to match them in relation external forces is captured below in the diagram provided by Dibb et al (2001). The aforementioned understanding relates with that of Drummond and Ensor who also agree that the external analysis is the initial step in the process of establishing the key issues facing an organisation (2003, p. 34). Given that businesses operate in hostile and increasingly complex environment, it makes sense to try to bring some order to this chaos by understanding the commercial environment and bringing some strategic sense to the process of marketing products and services (Riley, J. G. 2005). Another distinctive element of the Dibb et al model is the focus on organisational opportunities and resources, which Doyle (2003) also highlights in his approach. A proper strategic marketing planning process would seek to identify the organisations opportunities that would be matched by the necessary and available resources. For instant a company willing to enter into a large buying consumer market like the United States of America would to seek competitive advantage over its competitors by matching adequate technological, economic, management resources. More so, Dibb et al further clarifying a major confusion over the misuse of termsstrategic marketing plan and marketing plan amongst students and marketing managers: Strategic marketing plan is a plan of all aspects of an organisations strategy in the market place marketing deals primarily with implementing marketing strategy as it relates to target markets and marketing mix (2001, p. 656). Brassington and Pettitt reiterate this distinction; strategic marketing plan deals with the total strategy in a market linking customers, competitors and organisational capability while the marketing plan is an operational element dealing with the marketing mix strategy that will be used to gained leverage in the market place (2003). Brassington and Pettitt model. The leverage in the market place is what Drummond and Ensor underline on their approach in the strategic marketing planning process as it: involves achieving a superior competitive position within a defined market. Essentially, it involves segmentation, targeting and positioning. This must address customers, competitors and internal corporate factors (2003, p. 14). Drummond and Ensor stress a strategic marketing plan should be relevant and sustainable (2003); an argument also adhered to and phrased by Doyle (2002) as sustainable differential advantage. In order for that to happen, the organisation must be competitive now and in the future and be able to accept change as an integral part of strategy (Drummond and Ensor 2003). Hiebaun (1997) underlines the fact that the strategy marketing plan demands a methodology to be followed and should begin with the companys forecast and objectives . According to him, forecast consists in answering the following question: If our market and environment tendency stays the same and continues, what will be our situation in the short, medium, and long term? We have to ask ourselves: Where is the company at right now? Where are we going? Where do we want to go? However, McDonalds (2003) cautions about the using of the forecasting system as they tend to project a current business into the future, which can work if the future is going to be the same as the present or the past; if not the business would result to lost opportunities for profit, unrealistic  objectives, wasted promotional expenditure, management frustration, growing vulnerability to changes in the business environment, just to name this few. Another drawback is that Hiebauns strategic marketing model assumes a fairly accurate forecasting, and does not take in to account unexpected events. In an uncertain world, long-term forecasts cannot relied upon with a high level of confidence; many firms would have to rely on scenario planning as a tool for dealing with multiple contingencies . Whereas the marketing planning process embodies a series of managerial steps, is not simply a series of action steps; it also embodies a set of values and assumptions which, while not being explicit, are nevertheless an integral part of the whole process (McDonald 1996, p. 11). He observes that an organisation would not change its value system or culture unless something very significant take place to make such a change worthwhile. Lancaster and Waddelow (1998) explore this lagging phenomenon of organisations to embrace the tenets of the all acclaimed strategic marketing plan in their study of small-to-medium-size-enterprises. They observe that the strategic scope of a marketing plan is a daunting task which creates two major barriers of perceptions in the minds of managing directors in small-to-medium-size-enterprises. It would take too much time to complete (providing poor return for the effort expended); it will be out of date by the time it is completed (wasting precious resources) (1998, p. 2). They advanced a new methodology for small-to-medium-size-enterprises that must motivate managing directors towards planning and provide for any lapses in their will and knowledge. Such a process should be simple and appropriate; a content that has meaning and resonance; a basis of continuous development and learning (Lancaster and Waddelow 1998). Whereas the representation of strategic marketing planning process proves useful in the world of academics, it is not necessarily the straightforward, linear sequential operation (McDonald 1996). SWOT ANALYSIS Definition SWOT is the acronym of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats; simply is an effective way of identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses, and of examining the Opportunities and Threats you face . It is a summary of the audit under the headings, internal strengths and weaknesses as they relate to external opportunities and threats (McDonald 2003, p. 48). Basically, a straightforward model that provides direction and serves as a basis for the development of marketing plans. This is accomplished by assessing an organizations strengths (what an organization can do) and weaknesses (what an organization cannot do) in addition to opportunities (potential favourable conditions for an organization) and threats (potential unfavourable conditions for an organization) . David Jobber sees it as a structured approach to evaluating the strategic position of a business by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat of the marketing audit (2004, p. 44). Strengths and weaknesses are essentially associated with the audit of the internal company whereas opportunities and threats stem primarily from the external environment (Lancaster, Massingham, Ashford 2002, p. 374). Purpose of the SWOT Analysis The purpose of strategy is to be really clear before you take the direction. The point of a SWOT analysis is to have the best shot at a grounded plan, says Rashi Glazer, co-director of the Centre for Marketing and Technology at the University of California at Berkeley . SWOT analysis provides the basis upon which later stages in the strategic marketing plan depend and be used to generate thoughts for clear problem definition (Lancaster, Massingham, Ashford 2002). It provides strong evidence about what the company should and should not try to set as marketing objectives (McDonald 2003). A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. It provides information that is helpful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates . That information would provide indicators that will assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives (a strength or opportunity), or if it indicates an obstacle that must be overcome or minimized to achieve desired results (weakness or threat) (Danca). The information that is used in a SWOT analysis exercise must be current and relevant to the firm; it should ensure that the following is completed : For strengths All strengths should be recognized and validated on a regular basis. The information can originate from internal evaluations by top management. A firms strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing a competitive advantage including; patents, strong brand names, good reputation amongst customers, cost advantage from proprietary know-how, exclusive access to high grade natural resources, favourable access to distribution networks (quickmba, online). For weaknesses A weakness could be lack of marketing expertise, undifferentiated products or services (i. e.  in relation to your competitors), location of your business, poor quality goods or services, or damaged reputation. For opportunities Track what is being published in press releases, magazines, and market research reports for the industry. Any mention of growth or continuous trends should be noted. An opportunity could be developing market such as the Internet, mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances, moving into new market segments that offer impr oved profits, a new international market, a market vacated by an ineffective competitor. For threats Closely monitor press releases of competitors. The press releases can reveal what competitors are currently doing to be competitive in the industry. A threat could be: a new competitor in your home market, price wars with competitors, a competitor has a new, innovative product or service, competitors have superior access to channels of distribution or taxation is introduced on your product or service Davis (2004) suggests that information needed to conduct a proper analysis should be verified and updated before being sent to executives. Data that will be used for the analysis must reflect the current status of the industry. If the method of collecting information is flawed, the results of the analysis will be incorrect and hence provide an assessment that can be poor and lack the proper insight to make the right decisions. Cautioning Overtime, market experts have warned about the seemingly over simplistic approached usually incorporated into the strategic marketing planning. Jobber noted strengths such as I have an old established firm, We are a larger supplier, We are technologically advanced should be questioned for their impact on customer satisfaction (2004, p. 44). A considerable improvement is needed in the way SWOT framework is understood, and used, by many organizations . Koch (2000) further suggests that in appraising effects of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses, emphasis should be put on their combined effects, rather than on the effects of individual factors in isolation from one another. Appropriate rules must be developed and observed in every SWOT analysis if it is to produce reliable inputs into strategy generation. Koch developed what he referred as the SECURE model (shown below) aimed at circumventing what he described as various SWOT malpractices. The following explanation about the SECURE model as advanced by Koch (2000): The first rule is that boundaries and structure of the market, and their anticipated changes, should be well defined. The second rule demands that all changes in the companys environment capable of influencing this company future performance be included in its SWOT analysis. One should stress here that a multiple-scenario approach to strategic planning would require a multiple SWOT inventory development at each, or at least some, organizational levels. The third rule, trends in the companys external and internal environments should be presented clearly. If, for instance, the long-term survival of the automotive industry depends on its adoption of a new propelling system for a future car, a system that would be more environmentally friendly, and increasingly based on renewable, or more abounding, sources of energy, a superior ability of car-making companies to make progress in this direction would be of critical strategic importance today. The fourth rule, companys competitive environments, their structure, forms, scope and intensity of competition should be properly examined and presented. Again, one should aim for precision of reference in all these respects. For instance, referring broadly to a company as one involved in telecommunication may be quite inadequate, while referring to it as involved in facilitating transmission of certain kind of data to certain categories of customers in certain geographic regions will make it possible to ascertain, and name, all possible opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses. Aiming for a high level of precision in making ones reference sufficiently specific should not come, however, at the cost of blurring the big picture of the market. One should always try and make sure that strategic analysts overlook neither trees nor woods. The fifth rule, a clear reference to an anticipated state of the future company internal and external environment should be made. If SWOT analysis is done in absence of such a background, the verification of claims concerning individual strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can be either difficult or virtually impossible. Thus, organizations need to formulate their possible future scenarios clearly and completely. Analysis of the potential significance of the various organization strengths and weaknesses in various possible future situations is obviously capable of enhancing SWOT analysis quite considerably. The sixth rule, a clear reference to future strategic objectives and strategies is required in every SWOT analysis. Failure to do so will make the evaluation of scenario-specific relative importance of individual strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats quite perplexing and much harder, if at all feasible. One should acknowledge that their significance depends, among other things, on what strategies are going to be implemented by the company. SWOT-TOWS PARADIGM IN ACTION Once a SWOT analysis has been completed, thought can be driven to how to turn weaknesses into strengths and threats into opportunities. For example, a perceived weakness in customer care might call for staff training to create a new strength. Also, a threat posed by a new entrant might call for a strategic alliance to combine the strengths of both parties to exploit a new opportunity. By dint of the fact that these activities are designed to convert weaknesses into strengths and threats into opportunities, they are called conversion strategies (Jobber 2004, p. 44). Jobber also suggests that another way to use a SWOT analysis is to match strength with opportunities; a strategy which he termed matching strategies (2004). The diagram below illustrates both strategic phenomena. A similar illustration is that presented by in an online article as shown below. The S-O Strategies pursue opportunities that are good to fit to the companys strengths. W-O Strategies overcome weaknesses to pursue opportunities. Strategies identify ways the firm can use its strengths to reduce its vulnerability to external threats. W-T Strategies establish a defensive plan to prevent firms weaknesses from making its highly susceptible to external threats. An example of how the strengths can be used to exploit new opportunities is the move by Dixons into internet service provision (Jobber 2004). Two of Dixons strengths were its credibility as a supplier of PCs and its larger customer base. Dixons leveraged these strengths to exploit the growth in internet usage by creating a free internet portal, Freeserve. There was no need to advertise its service at a huge expense because a large traffic of PC users already passed through its stores. All Dixons had to do was stick up posters in its stores and handout a free CD-ROM to anyone who was interested. The SWOT analysis would vary from company to another, nonetheless in formulating marketing strategies, it should provide answers to such questions as what do customers need, how do they buy, what our competitors are doing, and how well we are performing against customer needs. McDonald provides some pertinent guidelines for completing the SWOT analysis of major products or market that would serve to generate good marketing objectives and strategies: Critical Success Factors Critical success factors as referred to by McDonald are such factors as product performance, breadth of services, speed of service, low cost just to name this few, are often the most important factors that should be looked at. Besides, identify other suppliers to the same segment, and provide answers as to why the company can succeed. It would result to some key issues to be included in the marketing objectives. Summary of Opportunities and Threats A statement how environmental influencers such as the PEST (Political, Economic, Social Technological) have affected the targeting segment. Key Issues to Address Having done the foregoing, some key issues to be addressed would emerge. Assumptions, Marketing Objectives, Marketing Strategies Assumptions relating to each particular product or market segment under consideration can now be made and objectives set. Competitor Analysis The findings from the audit become relevant at this stage. Each competitor sales and share for the market or product under consideration should be indicated. The company should be able to measure the business strategies and directions of its competitors. Whatever the companys strategic marketing and objectives are, Hiebaun (1997) postulates, they should be measurable qualitatively and quantitatively; reachable; perfectly described and accepted by the people involved. Strategic planning free essay sample Strategic planning is an important and vital part in running an organization for a variety of reasons. Strategic planning provides structure for all of the benefiting parties, whether it is the shareholders, executives, upper management or part time employees. Strategic planning allows everyone to be on the same page as far as where the organization is headed, it also helps employees understand the overall direction the organization. Part of the strategic planning process is utilizing all the tools necessary to make informed and educated decisions. At â€Å"Spot Fix†, we plan on taking advantage of all the tools necessary to run a business. Using these tools, Spot Fix plans on taking the automotive repair industry by storm by providing a service that has never been offered before. The vision statement for Spot Fix focuses not only on the future of the company, but the future of the automotive repair industry as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic planning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The vision statement of Spot Fix is as follows, â€Å"Within the next 5 years, Spot Fix will be the leading automotive repair company, bringing annual revenues to 10 million and will become nationally known as the most trustworthy and efficient auto repair organization. Having this big picture goal displayed in every office will help keep the employees motivated in their day to day endeavors. The mission statement is also another tool used in the beginning of the strategic plan to guide the activities of Spot Fix, explain the complete goal of the organization and provide a clear view of where the company wants to be. It is the mission of Spot Fix to provide consumers the best possible automotive repair service possible. With the expertise of our staff, we look to educate the consumer on our procedures in order to gain their trust and their future business. Our fast and friendly service will be unmatched by our competitors. We ensure this by having an extensive background check and testing for all of our employees. Organizations values are also an important aspect of the strategic plan. When the values of Spot Fix are clearly represented by the employee, it makes it easier for the consumer to give Spot Fix their business. Gaining the trust of the community is just one of the many steps for a successful company. Spot Fix plans on getting involved in the community by sponsoring charity events, scholarships to local students and other things of that nature. Spot Fix also demonstrates its values by taking care of their employees as well. Taking a genuine interest in the employee’s welfare will ultimately bring in more business. Happy employee’s is a high priority for Spot Fix. Another important tool to use is called a SWOTT analysis. .SWOTT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats and Trends. Specifically, SWOT is a basic, straightforward model that assesses what an organization can and cannot do as well as its potential opportunities and threats. The method of SWOT analysis is to take the information from an environmental analysis and separate it into internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats). Once this is completed, SWOT analysis determines what may assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives, and what obstacles must be overcome or minimized to achieve desired results. (Investopedia, 2012) Below is a SWOTT analysis for Spot Fix. As you can see, the tables presented provide the internal strengths and weaknesses for Spot Fix, as well as the external threats, opportunities and trends. Within each table, a detailed outline is given describing specific items corresponding with the title of the table. For example, a potential weakness within Spot Fix will be finding dependable employees that possess certain qualifications. Alternatively, a strength within Spot Fix is the convenience that is given to the customer because of the nature of the industry. A SWOTT analysis helps benefiting parties to overcome obstacles and capitalize on the organizations strengths.

Community Issues Essay Topics - Writing Good Essays For Your College or University

Community Issues Essay Topics - Writing Good Essays For Your College or UniversityWhen you go through a college and get accepted into the school you dream of attending, you have to prepare for a successful career as well as the first steps to become a community service student. When you do this in a classroom, you are not getting to know other students who have come from diverse backgrounds. You are not getting to know them well enough to help with their problems, not knowing they may need your assistance and not knowing that you may be able to help them. On the other hand, through writing a community issue's essay, you will be able to share your thoughts and feelings with others, and that helps you understand other people.One of the great things about writing community issues essays is that you can take any topic that you think will be very useful for all of your fellow students and just look at it. For example, one of the community issues that is currently causing trouble in a coll ege campus is drug abuse. In fact, many schools are beginning to institute drug testing of students in an effort to reduce the problem. However, is it possible to test the student body for drug use in an effective manner? How can drug testing be done so that it does not cause much disruption in the learning process?First, let us look at the effects of prescription drugs on the brain. Some drugs are used to treat conditions that are only temporary such as anorexia, but there are also drugs used to make people high which is not so safe for them. People are also given these drugs without knowing they have any side effects.Secondly, many students feel that they can take these drugs because they are not taking them in their state of mind. When you take prescription drugs, it is your way of coping with certain things in your life. The drugs are there to help you cope with what you cannot handle.There are other drugs that are prescribed by doctors and are not addictive such as anti-depress ants. But these are considered to be 'classically' addictive and are now prohibited in many schools and colleges. These drugs are usually kept in clear sight in the vicinity of the students and this is supposed to keep them from abusing them. Students often try to push the limits of drug use by using drugs to help them overcome the depression caused by being out of school.The use of drugs as a solution to drug abuse is very much affected by the amount of time a person has been out of school. Students who are diagnosed with drug dependency may not even be able to complete their studies. Another problem with drugs and learning is that when they are taken, you lose all of your faculties.There are many things that can be done to prevent drug abuse and prescription drugs in schools. An example is that most universities allow the use of drugs to help with studies, but not when the student is experiencing withdrawal symptoms or has stopped the medicine.To prevent drug abuse, schools should have an office of drug and alcohol education. This will allow the students to feel safe and secure in the classroom and at home. They will be able to discuss the dangers of abusing drugs, whether it is prescription drugs taken to help them with their depression. This will also help people understand how to avoid abusing drugs.

buy custom The 35th President essay

buy custom The 35th President essay This is one of the most controversial cases in the history of modern American, the question is whether Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the shooting of Pres. John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963 or had he conspired with other, was he serving as Cuba's Fidel Castros agent himself American assassins target? Or in squeezing that trigger of his carbine he was undertaking some tremendous "dirty trick" for a CIA restless to do away with a president whose belief in the "company" had already evaporated in the Bay of Pigs fiasco wake? Or was he in lieu of a group of the Teamsters Union, Cuban exiles, the Mafia? Certainly, was Lee Harvey Oswald the one who killed JFK? Or was it a double impersonating Oswald? These questions have continued to nag a lot of people for more than a decade and a half following that horrifying day in Dallas, in spite of the 26 in number volumes of exhibits and hearings served by the congressional investigations, the Warren Commission, the release of the classified FBI do cuments. In the event of the assassination of John F. Kennedy our 35 President, the evidence suggests there wasnt involvement of another shooter besides Lee Harvey Oswald. This paper is committed to debunking the mass of disinformation and misinformation surrounding the JFK murder, in support that there was only one killer and that wasLee Harvey Oswald. Buy custom The 35th President essay

A List of English Singulars That Are French Plurals

A List of English Singulars That Are French Plurals Nouns are not always singular in both French and English. Here is a list of words that are singular or uncountable, or have unmarked plurals in English but are plural or countable in French. * These are usually but not always plural in French ** Data is the plural of datum but is commonly used as a singular noun in English *** The plurals of these nouns are unmarked in English **** These nouns are uncountable in English but countable in French In addition, adjectives that are used as nouns when referring to a group of people do not have an s in English, though they do in French: Advice  -   ConseilsAmmunition  -   MunitionsAsparagus - AspergesAttic  -   ComblesAudience  -   Spectateurs, auditeursBaggage, luggage  -   BagagesBroccoli  - BrocolisBusiness  -   AffairesTo cause damage  - Causer des dà ©gà ¢tsCereal  -   Cà ©rà ©alesChess  -   Ãƒâ€°checsClothing  - Và ªtementsContact information/name and address  - Coordonnà ©esDamage  - Dommage(s),* dà ©gà ¢tsDarkness  - Tà ©nà ¨bresData**  - Donnà ©esDebris  - Dà ©brisDeer  - Cerf(s), biche(s)***Deposit  - ArrhesTo do research  - Faire des recherchesEngagement  - Fianà §aillesEvidence - Preuve(s)****To feel remorse  - Éprouver des remordsFish  - Poisson(s)***Food  - Vivres, victuaillesForecast - Prà ©visionsFruit  - Fruit(s)****Funeral - Funà ©railles, obsà ¨quesFurniture  - MeublesGarbage, rubbish  - Dà ©chets, orduresGift (for Christmas or New Years)  - ÉtrennesGraffiti - GraffitisHair - Che veuxHavoc - RavagesHay  - Foins*Herringbone  - ChevronsHoliday(s) (British English) - VacancesHomework - DevoirsIncome  - Revenu(s), rente(s)*Information  - Informations, renseignementsKnowledge  - Connaissances* Lovemaking  - Ébats amoureux/sexuelsMath (American English)  - MathsMedicine  - Mà ©dicamentsOffal - AbatsPasta  - Pà ¢tesPeriod (to have ones period)  - Rà ¨gles (avoir ses rà ¨gles)Progress  - Progrà ¨s*Quicksand  -   Sables mouvantsRubble  - Dà ©combresScience  - Sciences*Sheep  - Mouton(s)***Shrimp - CrevettesSoftware  - Logiciel(s)****Spaghetti  - SpaghettisSpinach  -   Ã‚  Ãƒâ€°pinardsStatic  - ParasitesTheres a good chance that†¦Ã‚  -   Il y a de fortes chances que...Transportation  - TransportsVacation  - VacancesVicinity  - EnvironsVolcanic smoke and gas  - Fumerolles*Wedding  - Noces*The dead  - Les mortsThe living  - Les vivantsThe poor - Les pauvresThe rich  - Les richesThe sick -   Les maladesThe young  - Les jeunes Some Nouns Are Singular in French and Plural in English Nouns are not always singular in both French and English. Here is a list of words that are singular, uncountable, or invariable in French but are plural or countable in English. * These are usually but not always singular in French** Many French  compound nouns  are invariable, though their English equivalents are variable. News - Lactualità ©Oats - Avoine  (fem)Scales - Une  balanceDrums - La batterieBoxer shorts - Un boxer-shortSwimming trunks - Un caleà §on de bainTights - Collant(s)*Contents - Le  contenu, la  contenanceOveralls, dungarees - Une  cotteDentures - Un  dentierEpsom salts - Epsomite (fem)Stairs - Un  escalierFireworks - Un feu  dartificeFruit - Un fruit (piece of)Skyscraper - Un  gratte-ciel**Gums - La  genciveJeans - Un jeanSweat pants - Un joggingTo do the dishes - Laver la  vaisselle(Piece of) news - Une  nouvelle(Loaf of) bread - Un painPants, trousers - Un  pantalonPliers - Pince(s)*Wire cutters - Une  pince  coupanteWire strippers - Une  pince   dà ©nuderTweezers - Une  pince   à ©pilerIce tongs - Une  pince   glace  Nail clippers - Une  pince  Ã‚  onglesCoin purse, wallet - Un porte-monnaie**Pyjamas - Un  pyjamaShorts - un  shortUnderpants - Un slipSwimming trunks - Un slip de bainBellows - Un  souffletDishes, crockery (to do the dishes) - La  vaisselle  (faire  la  vaisselle) Some French Nouns Can Only Be Singular In both French and English, many nouns can be singular or plural:  un  homme  (one man),  deux  hommes  (two men),  la chaise  (the chair),  les  chaises  (the chairs). But there are quite a few French nouns that can only be singular, sometimes because the noun has a  different meaning in the plural. Here are some French nouns that can only be singular: Abstract Nouns Le bonheur - HappinessLa  chaleur - Heat, warmthLa charità © - Charity, kindnessLe  chaud - HeatLe courage - CourageLa  faim - HungerLe  froid - ColdLa  haine - HatredLa  malchance - Bad luck, misfortuneLa mà ©lancolie - Melancholy, gloomLa  peur - FearLa  soif  - ThirstLa tristesse - SadnessLa  vaillance - Courage, valor Arts and Crafts Le cinà ©ma - Cinema,  movie  industryLa couture - SewingLa  danse - DancingLe dessin - DrawingLa  peinture - PaintingLa sculpture - SculptingLe thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre - TheaterLe  tissage - WeavingLe tricot - Knitting Directions La  droite - RightLest  (m) - EastLa gauche - LeftLe  nord - NorthLouest  (m) - WestLe sud - South Materials and Matter Acier  (m) - SteelArgent  (m) - SilverLe bois - WoodLe coton - CottonLe cuir - LeatherLe cuivre - CopperLe fer - IronOr  (m) - GoldLe papier - PaperLe plastique - PlasticLe plà ¢tre - PlasterLa soie - SilkLe verre - Glass Sciences La biologie - BiologyLa botanique - BotanyLa chimie - ChemistryLa gà ©ologie - GeologyLa linguistique - LinguisticsLa philosophie - PhilosophyLa physique - PhysicsLa psychologie - PsychologyLa sociologie - Sociology Some French Nouns Can Only Be Plural In both French and English, many nouns can be singular or plural:  un homme  (one man),  deux hommes  (two men),  la chaise  (the chair),  les chaises  (the chairs). But there are quite a few French nouns that can only be plural, sometimes because the noun has a  different meaning in the singular. Here are some French nouns that can only be plural: Les abats  (m) - Offal, gibletsLes acariens  (m) - Dust mitesLes affres  (f) - Agony, throesLes agissements  (m) - Schemes, intriguesLes agrà ¨s  (m) - (Sports) apparatusLes alentours  (m) - Neighborhood, surroundingsLes annales  (f) - AnnalsLes appointements  (m) - SalaryLes archives  (f) - ArchivesLes armoiries  (f) - Coat of armsLes arrà ©rages  (m) - ArrearsLes arrhes  (f) - DepositLes auspices  (m) - Auspices, patronageLes beaux-arts  (m) - Fine artsLes beaux-enfants  (m) - Childrens spouses, in-laws / spouses children, stepchildrenLes beaux-parents  (m) - Spouses parents, in-laws / parents spouses, stepparentsLes bestiaux  (m) - Livestock, cattleLes bonnes grà ¢ces  (f) - Someones favor, good gracesLes brisants  (m) - (Ocean) breakersLes brisà ©es  (f) - Someones territory, footstepsLes catacombes  (f) - CatacombsLes cà ©rà ©ales  (f) - CerealLes cheveux  (m) - HairLes comestibles  (m) - Fine foodsLes communaux  (m) - Common landLes condolà ©ances  (f) - CondolencesLes confins  (m) - Borders, fringesLes coordonnà ©es  (f) - Coordinates Les dà ©boires  (m) - Disappointments, setbacks, trialsLes dà ©combres  (m) - Rubble, debrisLes dà ©pens  (m) - Costs, expenseLes dolà ©ances  (f) - Complaints, grievancesLes à ©bats  (m) - FrolickingLes entrailles  (f) - Entrails, gutsLes environs  (m) - Outskirts, surroundingsLes à ©pousailles  (f) - NuptialsLes à ©trennes  (f) - Fift (for  Christmas  or  New Years)Les faà §ons  (f) - Manners, behaviorLes floralies  (f) - Flower showLes fonts baptismaux  (f) - Baptismal fontLes fianà §ailles  (f) - EngagementLes frais  (m) - Expenses, chargesLes frusques (f informal) - Clothes, togs, ragsLes funerailles  (f) - FuneralLes gens  (m) - PeopleLes grands-parents  (m) - GrandparentsLes honoraires  (m) - FeesLes intempà ©ries  (f) - Bad weatherLes latrines  (f) - LatrineLes limbes  (m) - LimboLes lombes  (m) - LoinsLes mathà ©matiques  (f) - Math(s)Les mà ©moires  (m) - MemoirsLes menottes  (f) - HandcuffsLes mÅ“urs  (f) - Morals, customsLes munitions  (f) - AmmunitionLes obsà ¨ques  (f) - FuneralLes ordures  (f) - Trash, rubbishLes ouà ¯es  (f) - Gills Les pà ¢tes  (f) - Pasta, noodlesLes pierreries  (f) - Gems, precious stonesLes pourparlers  (m) - Negotiations, talksLes prà ©paratifs  (m) - PreparationsLes proches  (m) - Close relations, next of kinLes ravages  (m) - Havoc, ravagesLes reprà ©sailles  (f) - Retaliation, reprisalsLes royalties  (f) - RoyaltiesLes scellà ©s  (m) - Seals (e.g., on a door)Les semailles  (f) - Sowing, seedsLes sà ©vices  (m) - Physical cruelty, abuseLes tà ©nà ¨bres  (f) - Darkness, gloomLes thermes  (m) - Thermal bathsLes toilettes  (f) - Lavatory, restroomLes vacances  (f) - Vacation, (UK) holidayLes và ªpres  (f) - VespersLes victuailles  (f) - Food, victualsLes vivres  (m) - Food, supplies, provisions French Nouns With Different Meanings Depending on Number Some French nouns can only be singular, some can only be plural, and some have different meanings depending on whether they are singular or plural. Abattis  (m) - BrushwoodLes abattis  (m)  - Giblets, (informal) arms and legs, limbsAssise  (f)  - Wall support, foundationAssises  (f)  - Assembly, conferenceAutorità ©Ã‚  (f)  - AuthorityLes autorità ©s  (f)  - The authoritiesLe barbe  - BarbLa barbe  - BeardLes barbes  (f)  - Ragged edgeLe bois  - Wood (in general), woodwind instrumentLes bois  (m)  - Woodwind sectionLe ciseau  - ChiselLes ciseaux  (m)  - ScissorsLe comble  - Height, peak; last straw (figurative)Les combles  (m)  - AtticLe cuivre  - CopperLes cuivres  (m)  - Copper instruments, toolsLa douceur  - Softness, gentlenessLes douceurs  (f)  - Sweets, desserts; sweet talkEau  (f)  - Water (in general)Les eaux  (f)  - River/lake/sea water, wakeÉconomie  (f)  - EconomicsLes à ©conomies  (f)  - SavingsÉcriture  (f)  - Writing, (finance) entryLes à ©critures  (f)  - Accounts, booksLa faà §on  - Way, mann er, meansLes faà §ons  (f) - Manners, behaviorLe fer  - IronLes fers  (m)  - Chains, fettersLe guide  - Guide (book, tour)La guide  - Girl scout/guideLes guides  (f)  - ReinsHumanità ©Ã‚  (f)  - Humanity, mankind Les humanità ©s  (f)  - Humanities, classicsLe lendemain  - The next day, the period right afterLes lendemains  (m)  - Future, prospects, consequencesLa lunette  - TelescopeLes lunettes  (f)  - Glasses, spectaclesLa mà ©moire  - MemoryLe mà ©moire  - Memorandum, reportLes mà ©moires  (m)  - MemoirsLa menotte  - (babytalk) HandLes menottes  (f)  - HandcuffsOuà ¯e  (f)  - (sense of) HearingLes ouà ¯es  (f)  - GillsLe papier  - PaperLes papiers  (m)  - DocumentationLa pà ¢te  - Pastry, doughLes pà ¢tes  (f)  - Pasta, noodlesLe ravage  - (Literary)  pillagingLes ravages  (m)  - Havoc, ravagesLe status  - StatusLes status  (m)  - StatutesLa toilette  - Toilette, hygiene, act of getting readyLes toilettes  (f)  - Lavatory, restroomLa vacance  - VacancyLes vacances  (f)  - Vacation, holiday When talking about arts and crafts, a singular noun indicates the activity itself, while both the singular and plural refer to the product. Le cinà ©ma  - Cinema, movie industryLe(s) cinà ©ma(s)  - Cinema(s), movie theater(s)La couture  - SewingLa (les) couture(s)  - Seam(s)La danse  - DancingLa (les) danse(s)  - Dance(s)Le dessin  - The act of drawingLe(s) dessin(s)  - Drawing(s)La peinture  - The act of paintingLa (les) peinture(s)  - Painting(s)La sculpture  - The act of sculptingLa (les) sculpture(s)  - Sculpture(s)Le thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre  - Theater artsLe(s) thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre(s)  - Theaters(s)Le tricot  - The act of knittingLe(s) tricot(s)  - Sweater(s), jumper(s) Languages  are always singular (and always,  au fait, masculine). When the name of a language is capitalized, both the singular and plural indicate people of that nationality. Anglais  (m) - English languageUn Anglais, des Anglais  - An Englishman, English peopleArabe  (m)  - Arabic languageUn Arabe, des Arabes  - An Arab, ArabsLe franà §ais  - French languageUn Franà §ais, des Franà §ais  - A Frenchman, French people

Should the Drinking Age be 18 Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Should the Drinking Age be 18 Years - Essay Example The push would even be more for an adult, at 18, who would be allowed all other privileges of an adult apart from alcohol consumption. It would cause a feeling of being unjustly targeted resulting in resistance to the implied injustice in an attempt to regain control. (2012). Therefore, such persons would be driven more to drinking, referred to as reactance motivation by Hanson (2012). Since these persons are already adults, they should be allowed to drink to avoid such eventualities. Such a viewpoint is useful to examine due to the fact that as long as the crimes associated with alcohol are limited to the actual age of consumption; very little positive effects to society are instigated. On the flip side, if the bulk of the crime that is a function of alcohol consumption can be linked to those crimes committed under its influence (which has been proven to be the case), then such crimes should be treated distinctly separately from those associated with merely imbibing alcohol while un derage. Moreover, due to the fact that research indicates that reducing the drinking age would have minimal behavioral change, it is not really a contributing factor to modifying the behavior of the target demographic. Such a change would only be achieved through proper training, giving responsibilities and holding one accountable for whatever actions. Therefore, with all these benefits attached to the raised drinking age, it would be beneficial to reduce the drinking age to 18. Hanson, D. J. (2012).

Lifting the Corporate Veil Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lifting the Corporate Veil - Coursework Example In addition, the Salomon decision entrenched the notion of advantageous benefits which are granted to shareholders in the form of limited liability. The dicta of Salomon has been endlessly restated and quoted in many cases; it appears to exist as an â€Å"unyielding rock†4; especially since it has now been incorporated into the Companies Act 20006. The courts have endlessly been faced with circumstances under which certain exceptions to the Salomon rule have been necessary and thus permitted. However, the courts have taken care to retain the power to ignore the Salomon principle in order that its flexibility be preserved and in most cases this has led to the preservation of the corporate veil. The narrow approach which is contained in the Companies Act embodies the view that the company’s rights, property and liabilities belong to the company only. The wider view claims that the company’s members are prohibited from having any effect on or being counted in relati on to the legal obligations and obligations of the company.5 The existing statutory exceptions to the lifting of the veil are rather difficult to determine with a great amount of certainty;6 the concept that Salomon is a fundamental principle results in it being set aside with difficulty and even some reluctance on the part of the courts.7 As Lord Diplock claims, the statutory basis of the corporate veil is preserved, so that â€Å"any Parliamentary intention to pierce the corporate veil would be expressed in clear and unequivocal language†, however the lack of such clear language could still have the potential to allow the courts to pierce the veil in specific circumstances by way of a â€Å"purposive construction’ of Parliament’s intention†.8 However, the case of Tunstall iterates that it is important to remember that the â€Å"purposive instruction† must be evident, because it is not readily implied (542). 9 Other additional statutory provisions also provide the opportunity to lift the veil under specific circumstances, such as the taxation of group companies. It is often argued that such provisions do not lift the veil exactly; they instead impose supplementary obligations on subsidiaries and are termed ‘piercing’ the veil rather than ‘lifting’ the veil. Alleged fraud additionally grants the justification to lift the veil – this is indeed understandable. The Insolvency Act 1986 operates to allocate personal liability to directors or shareholders if it appears that the company has been formed for fraudulent activities,10 if evidence of director misconduct is evident, or if the company directors have been negligent by not winding up the company if it has little or no prospect of carrying on. Such provisions contain the potential to be defined and applied broadly, yet the danger of this is arguably small under the circumstances. The existence of such statutory provisions emphasize the major t emptation and potential of company members abusing of the corporate veil, and the courts have appropriately recognised and established the need to eliminate as far as necessary this possibility, and thus temptation. In the decision of Merchandise Transport,11 the court declined to retain the corporate personality of the company separate from its members where it had been discovered that the subsidiary company had been formed as a mechanism to avoid specific formalities when acquiring a favourable licence. Additionally, a facade has been revealed where a company had

Contemporary Theories of Crime

Contemporary Theories of Crime According to the history and development of the criminological theory, the knowledge of crime theory has a tendency to include the past criminological theory that has been developed before. For example the labeling theory has a great influence from Chicago school, Durkheim theory and concepts, and symbolic interactionism (Plummer) Theory has the particularity of being the subject of constant renewal, like most of the knowledge in our society. One way of expressing this characteristic is by Thomas Kuhn in his book: structure of scientific revolutions. What he express in his theory is how the knowledge considered as â€Å"normal science†, is in a continuum spiral, according to how theory explains reality inside the framework of paradigms. Once these paradigms reach a point in which they cannot explain reality, normal science reach the point of a crisis. To explain this crisis the paradigms of the normal science must change, summarizing what is usable by the anterior normal scien ce and adding the new knowledge in form of paradigms that explains reality (Kuhn). This is exactly what happens with criminological theory, but still, besides all the progress theory has done, crime is still something hard to attach to a whole theory, and the combination of theory perspectives seems to be the most viable way to express the phenomenon of crime. On the contemporary criminological theory, one the perspectives that has a good approach to the actual context of crime is labeling theory. The labeling theory refers to the attachment of labels to a specific person in society according to the role he has on it. For example someone who commits a crime is recognized by the group of people around him as a criminal. But is not only the person who commits a crime, someone who is accused of committing a crime, doesn’t necessarily have committed that crime, but still he gets the label. Labeling theory refers to the identity that other people confer to one person. This identity is expressed as a label. The labels are stigmas inside society[1] that people must carry. This leads to the other part of the theory. Labeling theory, besides confer a stigma to the members of a society, also tries to explain another aspect of criminological behavior by opening the possibility of change in criminal behavior[2]. The stigma is hard to remove, but this theory proposes a way of reintegrating the members considered abnormal[3]: shaming is the process in which the person submit himself to a treatment or circumstance in which he resigns socially to crime, allowing him to reintegrate to society as a normal subject. The support of this theory is that bring an enormous quantity of material observation in other aspects of society, providing and using the concepts that society uses to determine the subjects inside it. For example the use of labels that are not only related to crime. Another contemporary theory with a wide perspective and more accurately related to actual crime is the environmental theory. This theory has a very situational approach to crime, because it is based on the characteristics that a special place must have for crime to be something executed. Crime occurs within the intersection of a space, time, a motivated offender, an attractive target, and lack of guardianship (Francis T. Cullen). The approach of this situational context has also the inclusion into theory of the daily activities of society, demarking the situation and the possibility of decrease crime by nullifying the situations in which crime can be committed, according to the routine people has. This theory has an opening to set crime as something different from the theories used before the 60’s. The possibility of seeing crime as something that may happen in every context, changes the relations of a stigmatized person to a situational expression of crime. Crime becomes the main subject of study, not the context[4] or the person who commit crime. When in this theory it is said that the focus is on crime, still a lot of concepts and ideas are part of the theory. For instance, the influences of Chicago school of mapping and characterizing crime zones. One contemporary expression of the applications of this theory is the broken windows theory[5]. The third analyzed theory in this text is the Developmental theory. This theory proposes the approach on how crime is explained by the whole history of one subject, group, and society. Crime is attached to every life expression that has happened since birth. Having a research of the main aspects of one person’s life, the individual expression and social values get mixed as the theoretical approach explains crime. This mixture of social and individual behavior is what allows this theory to be one of the most wider and contemporary (Paris). This theory is most applied to young people[6] and it takes into account the perception of the people who commits crime and the people who are victims of a crime. As other contemporary theories, there is possibility of change in the criminological behavior, allowing the criminal to be a normal individual. Some authors explain three ways in which this theory is applied to specific situations. The first one is the continuity of behavior in life course. The second one is that life course behavior might change or continue during time and on its characteristics. And the third one is that the life course behavior continues and changes. This theory is a multiple perspective to analyze crime, by studying the things to take into account to set an idea of how crime develops inside society by the life course of individuals, making a reciprocal analysis of the individuality and collectivity. All together These three theories provide a wide range of analysis, if the three of them are put together there are a lot of factor that would be covered by these theories. Still is not like just mixing the three theories. Each theory has a valid point and perspective to take into account. For example, the developmental theory takes into account the life course, which is an abstraction of the material and real life of the people. It is really a manifestation of the influence of all the material aspects under the mirror of time. This approach is quite accurate to study specific phenomenon because the analysis is deeper in context and it show the influences of society altogether with the individual tendencies. The approach of this theory at certain ages is what restrains this theory to be used. Because of its focuses on age, their analysis perspective loses weight when it is tried to be used in studying different groups, and in the theory itself. This loss of weight is because one of the main cores of this theory is the social development related to biological development. One of the tendencies of these three theories is to provide an option to explain how crime can be changed. Proposing a solution, like the shaming theory[7], or proposing new safety procedures to secure the environment. All these three theories keep the opportunity of becoming a normal[8] citizen or member of a society. Still, besides of the solutions proposed, the praxis of a theory can be very different from what the expectations are. One of the characteristics of these theories, is that are short in context matters. This means that theoretical explanations are only based as maximum to a nation level[9], provoking that many of the structural and contextual representations in politics, economics, culture, education, etc., in the world, cannot be part of the theoretical analysis. But still these representations have their manifestations even in small communities. This is impossible to not take into account macro-tendencies, but it is possible just to focus in micro-tendencies, even if this does not explain a complete context. Labeling theory, as the developmental theory, is not a completely sentence of explanation, but the analysis perspective that is valuable of this perspective is precisely the idea of a label. With the consent or without it, people always make judgments and make labels to identify other people, and to be identified among society as an individual. What criminological theory does is to focus on the labels related to crime. This is a much attached way in which theory explains reality with constructions of reality from society. One of the characteristics of this theory is also that label is just a value granted for the people participant in society, and because of that, according to the social capital[10] and possibilities of change that people have, they might change their label at will. Another fact of this theory, but no so attached to social reality is one of the manifestations of this theory, because of the idea of shaming, not because is not possible, but because is sometimes a motor to commit more crimes in certain contexts. The environmental theory has the possibility of treating crime as a situation with a specific context and circumstances that must be accomplish for the crime to be committed. The focus on the crime as a main subject allows this theory to be the bond for the combination of the other three theories, increasing the possibility of explanation and praxis that these theory have in total. These theoretical perspectives allow taking into account the elements of developmental theory, and use them together in the same explanations or theory. Of course in this conjunction of works, the aspects that restrain developmental theory must not be taken into account. The same goes for the labeling theory. Environmental theory has the possibility of being the connection between the individual perspective of crime in labeling and developmental theory, but at the same time it takes into account the idea of generality prescribed in both. Together with the perspective that environmental theory uses of situational context, crime becomes a definition with a lot of defined perspectives. Using the idea of label and the identity factor to set inside society, and as a representation to the outside society, the idea of crime explains one side of the individual behavior, by the representation that people has during a certain act. The environmental theory explains the event expressed as crime according to the material context in which people lives, but also making reference to another expression of behavioral crime conduct. Using some perspectives of the developmental theory, the factor explained before is part of a whole construction of life, providing a deeply analysis of a crime event, circumstance, conduct, behavior, context, social representation, and manifestation. Contexts and explanations The idea of the scientific revolutions explained at the beginning of the text, is to express one of the situation in which crime theory can be expressed more attached to explain reality. In case of the criminological theories, the perspectives are as many as a bunch. In the whole package of theories, the time has played a main role to develop each theory as the knowledge in crime situations and circumstances becomes wider. But there is a moment, and had happened before, that theory needs a new view and perspective. The citations and influences of the theories in the XIX are immersed in the theories of the XX, and now the contemporary theories are making improvements to explain by new paradigms the new circumstances that involve crime in our society. This, according to Kuhn’s idea, is the traditional process of making the scientific revolution. That is why is importance to pose a new circumstance that provokes a crisis in the criminological theory. Using these three theories may provide a great angle of perspective to analyze a concrete situation. But still the theories are short when it comes to practice. For example: the Mexican context. At first sight is a country like any other, but their main economic and political relations are with United States. The country has a first sight corruption; the police[11] are one of the main actors in these situations and are colluding with the narco[12]. The country is subject of constant violence, but the government is unable to solve the situation, because of the illegal trades and agreements that had surpassed the government power politically and economically. This is at macro-scale, but a micro-scale is almost the same, with the addition that is the poor people who gets involved in this violent context to have something to eat every day. So, how can these three theories make an approach to the context of Mexico? Evidently the crime is on one of the highest rates of Mexican history nowadays. But what is the work of the criminological theory when the established law steps aside and leaves the path to the everyday survival law? Criminological theory must be applied to the context in which it must[13]  be an explanation that requires a reaction from people. Criminological theory as it is right now, does not have the possibility of explaining the events that are happening in the world like Islamic State, Mexico’s violence, Ukraine war, and more. Criminological theory is being insufficient for the fast and changing environment in the world. The implications are every time wide in economy, politics, culture, etc. Using the actual theories to explain crime[14] may explain some aspects of reality, but recovering just the important aspects of each theory does not lead to a complete explanation and possibility of chang e of the real context. Being transdisciplinary is one of the new paradigms that criminological theory can use. Not closing the explanations of the criminal world to just the criminal theory. The possible revolution that criminology as a theoretical science can have is to be at the time of the context. References: Francis T. Cullen, Robert Agnew, Pamela Wilcox. Criminological theory: past to present. New York: Oxford university press, 2007. Kuhn, Thomas. Estructura de las recoluciones cientificas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2006. Paris, Jessica. Environmental criminolgy and crime prevention. n.d. http://legacy.usfsm.edu/academics/cas/capstone/2010-2011/criminology/paris-environmental criminology intel led policing.pdf?from=404. 29 09 2014. Plummer, Ken. Labeling theory. University of Essex, United Kingdom, 29 09 2014. http://www.sjsu.edu/people/james.lee/courses/soci152/s1/ajreading10labeling.pdf . 27 09 2014. [1] According to the criminological theory, this is focused on crime. [2] This is an implication that this theory has when is applied to explain crime. The results vary, because of personal behavior, situations, and social strains. Even, instead of reducing crime, these implications can even increase it. [3] Those who are consider criminals. [4] This does not mean that context is not taken into account. [5] The maintaining and safety control of urban environments may be a big influence to stop crimes. [6] There is a graphic that represents the main ages in which crime occur that set the age of 10 as the beginning and 20 when the young people stop committing crime. [7] Emphasize on social punishment to provoke shame. It focuses on the behavior on the offender. [8] According to the establishments of what normal is, and also if crime is considered as something abnormal. [9] Contextually, this is a big spectrum, but the political tendencies, economics, society and culture, in which crime is a subject of constant representation, are bigger than the idea of a nation. [10] Explained deeply in â€Å"Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam† By Martti Siisiasen, Department of Philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin Ireland. From: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.istr.org/resource/resmgr/working_papers_dublin/siisiainen.pdf [11] The public force that most stop the crime and apprehend the offenders. [12] Production and commerce of drugs, and traffic of people. [13] The using of this word emphasizes a moral reaction against crime. This must be included as a factor that may change according to the context. [14] Under the look of a moral conception of good and evil.